第37章 学习是人生的需要（10）

　　猪八戒：云栈洞悟空收八戒时，猪八戒告诉孙悟空说，他自小生来心性愚拙，贪闲爱懒，根本没有想到学道修仙，只是混沌迷心熬日月。忽然巧遇一真人，劝他回心莫要甘心堕落，有朝大限命终时，八难三途悔不喋。听言意转要修行，闻语心回求妙诀。有缘立地拜为师，指示天关并地阙。得传九转大还丹，工夫昼夜无时辍。功圆行满却飞升，朗然足下彩云生，身轻体健面朝天宫金阙。因他修成大罗仙，能享受长生不死，玉帝设宴会群仙，敕封他为天蓬元帅管天河，总管天上水兵，钦赐钉钯为御节。只因王母会蟠桃，开宴瑶池邀众客。

　　那时他酒醉意昏沉，逞英雄撞入广寒宫。见她容貌挟人魂，旧时凡心难得灭。全无上下失尊卑，扯住嫦娥要陪歇。纠察灵官奏玉帝，那日他当命运拙，却被诸神拿住了。押赴灵霄见玉帝，依律问成该处决。多亏太白李金星，出班俯囟亲言说。改刑重责二千锤，肉绽皮开骨将折。放生遭贬出天关，所以他被贬下凡尘。一灵真性，竟来夺舍投胎，不期错了道路，投在个母猪胎里，变成了嘴脸像个野猪模样。他咬杀了母猪，打杀了其他大大小小所有的猪，占了他们的山场。他以相为姓，唤名猪刚鬣。他就住在那福陵山云栈洞里。那洞原住有个卵二姐，她见他有些武艺，招做了家长，又唤做倒插门。不上一年，她死了，将一洞的家当，尽归他受用。在此日久年深，没有赡身的勾当，只得依旧如前靠吃人维持生存，直到高庄情喜婚姻结。后来观音菩萨劝善，受了戒行，持斋把素，教他跟随那取经人往西天拜佛求经，将功折罪，还得正果。所以他一听悟空说“我在保护三藏法师往西天拜佛求经”时就问“那取经人在哪里？”并求悟空“累烦你引见引见”。当他被介绍给三藏时，他双膝跪下，叩头高叫“师父！”然后把菩萨劝善的事细陈了一遍。“师父，”他说，“我是菩萨已与我摩顶受戒，起了法名，叫做猪悟能也。我受了菩萨戒行，断了五荤三厌，在我丈人家持斋把素，更不曾动荤。今日见了师父，我开了斋罢。”三藏道：“不可！不可！你既是不吃五荤三厌，我再与你起个别名，唤为八戒。”因此又叫猪八戒。

　　Pig： When Wukong won over Bajie in the Cloud Pathway Cave， Zhu Bajie told Sun Wukong： He wasborn stupid， an idler and a slacker. He never nourished his nature or cultivated the truth， but spent his timein primal ignorance. Then he happened to meet a true Immortal， who advised him to reform and not to sinkamong mortals， for taking life was a heinous sin. One day， when his life came to an end， it would be too lateto regret the punishments in store. His words moved him to seek reform， and his heart longed for miraculousspells. He was lucky enough to have him as his teacher； he showed him the gates of Heaven and Earth. Hetaught him the Nine Changes and the Great Return of Cinnabar， as they worked by night and day with never abreak. When their work was done， he could fly. Coloured clouds grew beneath his feet， as he faced HeavenlyPalace gates with a body light and strong. As he had become a great Immortal， he now enjoyed eternal life.

　　The Jade Emperor gave a banquet for all the Immortals， he was made Marshal Tian Peng in charge of theMilky Way， commanding all the sailors on that river in the sky. The Jade Emperor bestowed the SupremelyPrecious Rake on him to mark his imperial office. When the Queen Mother gave a Peach Banquet， sheinvited many guests to the Jade Pool. As drunkenness clouded his mind that day， and he charged in drunkenpride into the Cool Broad Palace. At the sight of her beauty his soul was captivated， and he could not represshim mortal passions of old. Losing all sense of rank and dignity， he seized the beauty and asked her to sleepwith him. The Miraculous Inspecting Officer reported to the Jade Emperor， and from that day he was doomed.

　　Then he was arrested by the gods. He was marched to the Hall of Miraculous Mist to see the Jade Emperor，and， after questioning， sentenced to death. Luckily the Great White Planet stepped forward， bowed low， andinterceded. His sentence was commuted to two thousand strokes of the heavy rod， which tore his flesh andall but smashed his bones. He was released alive and expelled from heaven， so he was exiled to the mortalworld. His spirit had to find a womb to occupy， but he lost his way and entered the womb of a sow. Naturally，he has a face like a wild boar. He ate up his sow mother， drove all the other pigs away， and seized theirmountain. He took his name from his looks and was called Zhu Ganglie， Iron-haired Pig. He just lived inthe Cloud Pathway Cave on the Mount of Blessing. Second Sister Luan， who used to live there， saw that heknew how to fight and asked him to be the head of her household as her husband， but she died within a yearand all her property became his. As the days lengthened into years he found that he had no way of supportinghimself， so he had to eat people to keep himself going as he had done before， until he fell in love and marriedin Gao Village. Then the Bodhisattva Guanyin converted him and told him to obey the monastic rules andeat vegetarian food till he could go with that pilgrim， the one who’s going to the Western Heaven to worshipthe Buddha and ask for the ures. He would be able to make up for his sins through this good deed， andwin a good reward. That’s why he asked Wukong“Where’s this pilgrim？”and begged“Please take me tomeet him.”As soon as he heard Wukong say“I’m protecting the Patriarch Sanzang on his Journey to theWestern Heaven to visit the Buddha and ask for the ures. When he was introduced to Sanzang， he fellto his knees， kowtowed to Sanzang and shouted，“Master！”Then he told Sanzang all about how he had beenconverted by the Bodhisattva.“Master！”he said，“When the Bodhisattva laid her hands upon my headand told me to obey the prohibitions， she gave me a Buddhist name—Zhu Wuneng， Pig Awakened to Power.

　　I have been instructed by the Bodhisattva and I never eat the five stinking foods and the three forbiddenmeats—wild goose， dog and snake-fish. I’ve eaten vegetarian food in my father-in-low’s house and nevertouched the stinking foods； but now that I have met you， master， I’m freed from these restrictions.”“Youare not，”Sanzang replied.“You are not to eat the five stinking foods and the three forbidden meats， and I’mgiving you another name： Eight Prohibitions， or Bajie.”From then on he was known as Zhu Bajie， or EightProhibitions Pig.

　　尽管猪悟能感蒙观音菩萨劝化，情愿保护唐僧上西方拜佛求经，但他意志不坚定，一遇到困难，就想分行李散伙。他食肠大，贪吃，见到好吃的东西就流口水，为了满足食欲，他甚至不怕出丑。他还好色，见了女人就动心，做了和尚还念念不忘老婆。他对高老喝个喏道：“上复丈母、大姨、二姨并姨夫、姑舅诸亲：我今日去做和尚了，不及面辞，休怪。丈人啊，你还好生看待我浑家，只怕我们取不成经时，好来还俗，照旧与你做女婿过活。”行者喝道：“夯货，却莫胡说！”八戒道：“哥呵，不是胡说，只恐一时间有些儿差池，却不是和尚误了做，老婆误了娶，两下里都耽搁了？”他小心眼、自私、爱贪小便宜，还喜欢搬弄点是非。他是个典型人物，贪吃贪睡、爱虚荣、好嫉妒、自负。不仅生得丑陋，而且一身俗气，能偷懒时就偷懒，必须工作时也能努力，虽说通常都是愚蠢的，但他也知道一点儿诡计，如在渡过冰冻通天河前，他要稻草包着马蹄以防冰滑。孙悟空打妖精，他也是个好帮手。没有猪八戒，孙悟空单丝怎能纺成线，孤掌怎能拍出声？行李马匹，谁照料？

　　Although Pig was converted by the Bodhisattva Guanyin and volunteered to protect the Tang Prieston his Journey to the West to worship the Buddha and fetch the ures， he was weak-willed and wouldchoose to disband himself whenever any difficulty would crop up. He was very gluttonous. Where there aregoodies available， his mouth would begin to water. To satisfy his appetite， he was not ashamed of bringingdisgrace to himself. He was also very lecherous. He would burn with his sexual desires at the sight of anywoman， and he was still never forgetful of his wife even as he had been tonsured to become a monk. Hechanted a“na-a-aw”of respect to Old Gao， and said，“Please inform my mother-in-law， my sisters-in-law， my brothers-in-law， and my uncles that I have become a monk today， and ask them to excuse me fornot saying good-bye to them in person. Father-in-law， look after my wife well. If we don’t get the ures，I’ll go back to lay life and work for you as a son-in-law again.”“Moron，”shouted Monkey，“stop talkingnonsense.”“I’m doing nothing of the sort，”Pig replied，“I am thinking that if things go wrong I’d bewasting my time as a monk， and my wife’s marriage would have been ruined， both for nothing.”Narrow-minded and selfish， he was given to profiting at other’s expense and telling tales. He was the archetypal manof appetite， greedy， vain， jealous and boastful. Lazy when he could be， he would also work hard when he hadto. Stupid though he was usually， he could also know a trick or two， as when he would tie straw on the horse’shooves before the crossing of the Frozen River. He was also a good help to Monkey in his fights against themonster and demons. Without Pig， how could Monkey spin a thread from only on strand or clap with the palmof a single hand！？ Who’d look after the luggage or the horse！？

　　正如所有人一样，猪八戒也有优点。他最突出的一点就是能吃苦耐劳。他“一路上挑担有力，涉水有功”。尽管他有时抱怨“似这般许多行李，难为老猪一个逐日家担着走，偏你跟师父做徒弟，拿我做长工！”因他挑担有功，加升净坛使者。此外，他在高老庄干农活不惜力气，恰如他对他夫人所说：“我到了你家，虽说吃了些茶饭，却也不曾白吃你的：我也曾替你家扫地通沟，板砖运瓦，筑土打墙，耕田耙地，种麦插秧，创家立业。”他岳父高老也说：“一进门时，倒也勤谨：耕田耙地，不用牛具；收割田禾，不用刀杖。”在荆棘岭，八戒“拽开步，双手使耙，将荆棘左右搂开。”，清理道路八百里。他的另一优点是不怕脏、不怕臭。在乌鸡国御花园八角琉璃井里，他摸到乌鸡国王尸首并驮上地面，背到在肩上，搬到寺里禅堂门前。七绝山稀柿罥的恶臭是多么可怕！真是臭气熏天！又是八戒“干的这场臭功”。他说：“我老猪本来有三十六般变化，若说变山，变树，变石块，变土墩，变赖象、科猪、水牛、骆驼，真个全会。只是身体变得大，肚肠越发大，须是吃得饱了，才好干事。”八戒拱了两日，正在饥饿之际，那许多人何止有七八石饭食，他也不论米饭、面饭，收积来一涝用之，饱餐一顿，却又上前拱路。实际上，西天取经路上的脏活、重活，哪一件不是猪八戒干的？因此有人说他像个农民，是个体力劳动者，吃得做得，总是劳累，所以贪吃贪睡。他与普通劳动大众有着特殊的亲和力。最后，同样重要的是，他向往“二三亩地一头牛，老婆孩子热炕头”的生活，是个行者评说的“恋家鬼”，总是“在家心重”，如他体贴地问妻子：“如今你身上穿的锦，戴的金，四时有花果享用，八节有蔬菜烹煎，你还有那些儿不趁心处？”他自己说：“我是个直肠的痴汉。”在取经路上每当遇到困难说“分了罢”，他都说“老猪往高老庄上盼盼浑家”。怪不得，如今很多女性找男朋友，要找猪八戒型的，说他憨直、纯真，在乎与妻子过日子，知道疼人。因此，可以说他是《西游记》中最具亲和力的一个人物。

　　Just like everyone else Pig also has his own strong points. His most outstanding one is that he couldendure hardships and be capable of hard work.“He has made great efforts， carrying the load all along theway， and been very useful in crossing rivers”although he sometimes complained that“with all this luggageto carry day after day of course I find the going heavy. While you’re allowed to be the master’s disciple， I’mtreated as a hired hand.”As he won merit by carrying the luggage he was rewarded with promotion as theAlter Cleanser. Besides， he never spared his energy to do the farm work at the Gao Village. Just as he saidto his wife，“I may have eaten some food and drunk some tea since marrying you， but I haven’t been idleeither. I’ve swept for your family and dug ditches， I’ve shifted bricks and tiles， I’ve built walls for you， I’veploughed and weeded your fields， I’ve sown your wheat， and I’ve transplanted your rice. I’ve made yourfamily’s fortune.”His father-in-law Squire Gao also said，“From the moment he became a member ofour family he worked very hard. He ploughed and hoed without using oxen or tools； and he didn’t need ascythe or a stick to harvest the crops.”Bajie“stroke forward and wielded the rake two-handed to clear theundergrowth from both sides of the path”of eight hundred li at the Thorn Ridge. His another strong pointis that he was not afraid of dirt or stink. He groped around till he found the King’s body of the Wuji State，dragged it over and brought it up from in the eight-sided well with glazed-tiles in the palace garden of theWuji State， and put it across his shoulder and carried it to the monastery and flung the corpse to the groundright in front of the doors to the meditation hall. What a horrible stink the putrid and overwhelming stenchof Runny Persimmon Lane on Mount Seven Perfections was！ It’s really stinking to the skies！ It’s also Bajiewho“won merit doing this filthy job.”He said，“I can do thirty-six transformations. If you ask me to turninto a mountain， a tree， a rock， a mound of earth， an elephant， a hog， a water buffalo or a camel and I canmanage any of them. The only thing is that the bigger I make myself the bigger my belly gets. I can’t do thingsproperly unless it’s full.”Bajie， who was on the second day of clearing the way with his snout， was by nowravenously hungry. The villagers had brought much more than seven or eight hundredweight of food， whichhe scooped up and devoured all at once， not caring whether it was rice or wheat. When he had eaten his fillhe went back to clear the way. Indeed， was there any dirty or heavy job not done by Bajie on the Journey tothe West Heaven to fetch the ures？ That’s why he’s thought to be like an uneducated peasant， a physicallabourer. He had to eat so much because he laboured so hard. He was always so toiling that he was gluttonousand sleepy. He had a special affinity with the great mass of the common labourers. Last but not least， hewould crave for a life of self-contentment， which is marked by a few acres of field， one willing ox and his wifeand children in his company. He’s a“homesick ghost”as Brother Monkey remarked. His heart was alwaysat home， for instance， he considerately asked his wife，“These days you dress in brocade and have goldenpins in your hair. You have fruit and flowers in all four season， and vegetables for the pot throughout the year.

　　What are you still not satisfied with？”He said，“I am a straightforward， foolish person”. He would alwayssay“Divide it， and I’ll go back to Gao Village to see my wife.”whenever any difficulty might crop up on theJourney to the West. No wonder nowadays many girls and women would like to look for boy-friends of Bajie’stype， saying that he’s honest and straightforward， pure and sincere， taking his living with his wife to heart andknowing to love dearly. Therefore， it may be said that he’s the most lovable character in the novel Journey tothe West.

　　猪八戒“自小生来心性拙”（凡人），“因我修成大罗仙，为吾养就长生客。罥封元帅号天蓬（水神），钦赐钉钯为御节。”“上天贬我降凡尘，我因有罪错投胎，俗名唤做猪刚鬣（凡人）。”“喜归大教，入吾沙门，保圣僧在路，因汝挑担有功，加升汝职正果，做净坛使者。”（佛）这就是猪八戒的人生。

　　Zhu Bajie“was born stupid”(mortal).“As I had become a great Immortal， I now enjoyed eternallife， and was commissioned as Marshal Tian Peng (a water god)， with this rake to mark my imperialoffice.”“When Heaven sent me down to the mortal dust， for my sins I was reborn from the wrong womb，and now I am known as Iron-haired Pig”(mortal).“After your conversion to the great faith and entry intoour Buddhist sect， you guarded the holy monk on his journey. As you won merit by carrying the luggage youwere rewarded with promotion as the Altar Cleanser”(Buddha). This is Zhu Bajie’s life.

　　沙和尚：在八戒大战流沙河时，沙和尚告诉八戒说，他从小生来神气壮，豪杰人家做模样。皆因学道荡天涯，只为寻师游地旷。因此才得遇真人，引开大道金光亮。三千功满拜天颜，志心朝礼明华向。玉皇大帝便加升，亲口封为卷帘将。往来护驾我当先，出入随朝予在上。只因王母降蟠桃，设宴瑶池邀众将。失手打破玉玻璃，天神个个魂飞丧。玉帝即便怒生嗔，却令掌朝左辅相：卸冠脱甲摘官衔，将身推在杀场上。多亏赤脚大天仙，越班启奏将吾放。饶死回身不典刑，遭贬流沙东岸上。饱时困卧此山中，饿去翻波寻食饷。当木叉引沙僧去见唐僧时，他双膝跪下道：“弟子向蒙菩萨教化，指河为姓，与我起了法名，唤做沙悟净。”三藏见他拜了行者与八戒，分了大小，真像个和尚家风，故又叫他做沙和尚。

　　Friar Sand： When Pig fought a great battle in the Flowing Sands River， Friar Sand told Bajie： He’s hada divine essence since childhood and brave knights have taken him as their model. To study the Way he wentto the edge of the heavens， and he roamed the wastes in search of teachers. The Immortal he finally managedto find led him along the great and shining Way. With three thousand accomplishments won， he bowed to theheavenly countenance； piously he worshipped him in his glory. The Great Jade Emperor then promoted himto be the General Who Lifts the Curtain. He led the escort for the Emperor’s carriage， always took precedencewhen he entered or left court. But then the Queen Mother gathered the peaches and invited all the generalsto feast at the Jade Pool. He carelessly smashed some jade and crystal， to the horror of all of the heavenlygods. The Jade Emperor in his terrible fury put his hands together and fumed to the vice-premier. His hatand armour were removed， and he was stripped of office. Then marched to the place of execution. Then tohis good fortune， the great Bare-foot Immortal stepped forward to ask for his reprieve. Death was commuted；he was allowed to live in exile on the east bank of the Flowing Sands River. When well-fed he slept in theriver waters； when hungry he burst through the waves in search of food. When Moksa presented him to theTang Priest， he knelt and said，“I was converted by the Bohhisattva and she gave me this river’s name as asurname and called me by the Buddhist name of Sha Wujing， or Sand Awakened to Purity.”Sanzang sawhim bow to Monkey and Pig with appropriate degrees of reverence just like a real monk he gave him anothername—Friar Sand.

　　沙和尚加入取经团队后，任劳任怨、勤勤恳恳。他被分派服侍师父，“刷罥马匹，套起鞍辔”，“伏侍师父上马”，看管行李等杂役。他体谅猪八戒的辛苦，有时与八戒轮流挑担子。他意志坚定，一心保护唐僧，对师父百依百顺，从没受过师父批评。他从没说过散伙的话，虔心遵守佛门戒律。他对悟空很尊重，悟空也对他说：“贤弟，你是个好人。”他心地善良，处处为他人着想，他常常从中调和，团结所有同伴。相比较而言，他是个最没个性的人物，是个十足的配角。无论在天庭，还是在取经路上，沙僧干的都是同一种工作——做侍卫。他没有悟空或悟能那样神通广大的超人本领，但他确有做侍卫最重要的品质——无限忠诚，绝对服从。他是取经团队中最平凡的一员，但却和其他团队成员一样重要。他的重要性出自于他的平凡性。所以，他“诚敬迦持、保护圣僧，登山牵马有功，加升大职正果，为金身罗汉”。

　　After Friar Sand became one of the companions， he devoted himself to his duty wholeheartedly andwithout complaint. He was always diligent and conscientious in serving the companions. He was assignedto wait upon the master，“brush the horse， saddle and harness it”，“help the master mount”， look afterthe luggage or the horse and carry on some other miscellaneous affairs. But he showed his understandingand sympathy for Pig’s laborious work， sometimes he and Pig took it in turn to carry the luggage. Strong-willed， he guarded the Tang Priest heart and soul. He listened to this master and did anything his masterwished. That’s why he was never criticized by his master. He never said“dividing it”or“splitting it”andpiously observed Buddhist monastic discipline. He respected Monkey very much and Wukong also said tohim：“You are a good man， my brother.”He was very kind， and always thinking of others. He often acted asa mediator and united all the companions. He had， comparatively speaking， not the least character， an out-and-out supporting actor. No matter whether in the heavenly palace or on the journey to fetch the ures，Friar Sand did the same kind of job—being a bodyguard. He did not possess as powerful the superhumanabilities as Monkey or Pig had. But he really had the most important qualities—his absolute devotion toand unquestioning submission to whom he was guarding as a bodyguard should. He was the most ordinaryone of the companions but he was as essential to the journey as the others. His importance grew out of hiscommonness. Consequently， he“won merit by protecting the holy monk and leading the horse up themountain”. He“was elevated to high office as the Golden Arhat”.