第5章

　　1“秩序”这一美德要求每件事情都有其分配的时间，我的小本子里有一页记载有一天24小时的作息时间表。

　　★★★★

　　★★★★

　　★★★★

　　★★★★

　　★★★★

　　2我每天按照这个计划进行自我检视，坚持了一段时间，只是偶尔有所间断。我很惊讶地发现我自己的缺点比我想象的多多了，但是我也很开心地看到它们慢慢地变少了。为了避免不断地制作小册子的麻烦，我就把纸上的老过失擦掉以便腾出空地方来进行新的循环。这样，小本子就变的到处是洞了。我把画有表格和写有诫言的纸换成备忘录用的厚纸。线是用红墨水画的，这样就更经久耐用，我用黑色的铅笔在上面记录我的过失，可以很容易就用海绵擦掉。一段时间以后，在一年内我完成了一个循环，后来几年才完成一个循环，最后，我就完全废弃了这种做法。因为在外旅行或者出国公干的时候，有很多事情要做，但我总是把那本小本子带在身边。

　　3我那个“秩序”的计划给我带来的麻烦最多。我发现，对一个能够支配自己时间的人来说，这个计划是可行的，比如，一个印刷工；但对一个生意人来说，就不太可行了，因为他要到处出差，接见随时来访的客人。秩序，对于东西的摆放来说，我发现也是很难做到的。我早年的时候，拥有超过常人的记忆力，我还感觉不到没有秩序乱放东西的不便。因此，这项计划花了我不少心血。我在它上面所犯的错误让我很恼怒，我在这方面的进步也非常小，而且老毛病老是复发，我都几乎想放弃这个计划了，而满足于在那个方面有缺陷的品德了。这就像我的邻居买了一把斧头，他希望斧身和斧刃一样亮。铁匠答应如果他愿意摇砂轮的话，他就替他把斧身磨的和斧刃一样亮。于是，我的邻居就去摇那个砂轮，由于铁匠把斧头的宽面紧紧地压在旋转的砂轮上，摇那个砂轮就很费力了。那个人不时地从砂轮那头跑过来看下进度到哪里了，最后他宁愿不磨了，就把那个斧头拿走。铁匠说：“不行，继续，继续，再摇下，我们马上就可以把它磨亮了。现在只有一点斑点了。” “但我想有斑点的斧头是最好的”，邻居回答铁匠道。我想许多人都是这样的，由于他们没有使用我上面使用的方法，他们发现要破除坏习惯，获得好品性是很难的，最终他们就放弃努力了，给出的结论是“有斑点的斧头是最好的”。某些似乎是理智的东西不时在提醒我，像我这样对美德的吹毛求疵可能是一种道德上的纨绔习气，如果大家知道了的话，会认为我是很可笑的。这种所谓的完美品格还可能招致妒忌和怨恨。一个仁慈的人应该允许在他身上有些瑕疵，以固全他朋友的颜面。

　　4事实上，我发现我自己在“秩序”这方面实在是不可救药。我现在人老了，记忆力也衰退了，我感觉自己很需要“秩序”这个东西。但是，总的说来，我从来没有达到我想要达到的那个程度，而且差的很远。但是，通过努力，我现在却比我没有努力前更快乐，更好。这就像那些为了获得完美书法而临帖写字的人，尽管他们从来达不到他们所临帖的那样好，但是，通过努力，他们的书法得到了改进，字写的不错了，而且还越来越清晰好看。

　　5我的子孙如果知道他的祖先就是靠了这个小计划，在上帝的庇佑下而获得了一生的幸福，到今天他已经79岁了，还在写他的自传，那我就很欣慰了。至于我晚年还会遭遇什么厄运，那就只有天知道了，但是，就算厄运真的临头，他过去的岁月中所享有的快乐也足以让他顺天由命了。

　　6“节制”使他长寿，到现在他的身体还很不错。“勤奋”与“节俭”使他很早就有个好的环境，拥有不菲的财富。拥有知识使他成为一个有用的公民，使他在知识界拥有一定的知名度。“真诚”与“正义“使他得到了国家的信任，让他担任种种体面的职位。这些美德加起来的总影响就算不能达到一种完美的境界，也可以使他的谈吐平和、愉悦。那些都使他的伙伴们很喜欢他，甚至也俘获了年轻人的心。因此，我希望，我的后代能够遵循这些教导，收获利益。

　　7我现在想说的是，尽管我的计划并不是完全没有宗教成分，但是在其中，绝对没有任何个别宗教的特殊教义。我是有意避免这样做，因为我充分相信我这样做的效用和优势。那样就对所有的教派都是适用的。由于我还打算什么时候把它拿去出版，我绝不能允许在里面有对其他教派的偏见，以至被人反对。我还打算为每一项美德写点评注，以向人展示拥有这项美德的好处，走向其反面的坏处。并且我会把我的这本是取名为《德性的艺术》，因为它会告诉人们获得美德的方法和方式。这将使它和那些仅仅告诉人们什么是好，却不告诉人们怎么样才可以“好”的书区分开来。就像那些口头上的慈善家，他们只会对那些没有衣服穿，没有饭吃的人说“要吃好穿好”，却不告诉人们怎么样到那里可以得到这些。

　　8但是我打算撰写和出版这些评注的计划从来没有实现。事实上，我确实不时记下自己的一点感想、评论等，以备以后使用，其中的一些东西还在我手上。但是，由于我早年必须要密切注意我的生意，其后又有很多公务，这样我就时常把它往后拖。我觉得这是一个非常宏大的计划，要求一个人投入全部的精力去做才行。一连串没有预料的事情把这件事情拖延了下来，因此到现在为止还没有完成。

　　9在这一部分，我本来打算阐释和强调这样一个理论，那就是，邪恶的东西有害并不是因为它在被禁止之列；它之所以被禁止，是因为它本身是有害的。单从人性方面来考虑，就算是在这个凡间，利益和美德也是统一的。因此，从这一点出发（在这个世界上总是有许多富商、贵族、国家和王侯需要诚实的人去做管理工作，而这种诚实又太罕见了。），我努力使年轻人相信世间上除了诚实和正直没有什么东西可能使一个穷人变得富有。

　　我开始所列的美德只有12项，但是后来一个教友会的朋友好心告诉我，大家普遍都觉得我很骄傲。我的骄傲时时在我们的谈话中表现出来。当我在讨论问题的时候，我不满足于仅仅正确，还很盛气凌人，甚至还有点傲慢无礼。他给我举了几个事例来证实。我决心下苦功在克服其它缺点的同时克服这个缺点或者说愚蠢的行为。于是，我把谦逊加到我的计划里去，并且赋予其广泛的内涵。

　　10我不敢吹嘘自己在“谦逊”方面取得了多么了不起的成就，但从表面上看来我却进步不小。我绝不说出直接和别人意见相反的话，绝不断然肯定自己的意见，这是我给自己定的铁律。我甚至照搬“讲读俱乐部”的老办法来规制自己，不得使用诸如“肯定”、“毫无疑问”等等表示肯定的词。我使用的替代词汇是“我认为”、“按我的理解来看”、“我觉得这件事情是这样的”或者“我现在觉得”等等。当一个所说的东西我觉得是错误的时候，我并不粗暴地驳斥他的意见以得到驳斥的快感。我也不会立即指出他的陈述里面荒谬的东西。我会对他说，据考察，他的论点在一定情况和环境里可能是正确的，但是，在目前条件下，好像似乎有点问题等等。我不久就发现改变说话方式带来的好处了。我和别人的谈话进行的更愉快了。我谦逊的谈话态度使得我的意见更容易获得他们的接受和更少的抵触。我讲错话了也不会引起什么羞辱。当我的意见碰巧正确的话，我就更加容易让对方放弃了他们的错误，而和我站在一起。

　　11这种方式，起初做起来觉得十分别扭，后来渐渐适应，渐渐习惯了，这或许是因为在过去的50年没有人听我说过一句武断的话吧。在我早年，我提出一个建立新制度的建议，或者修改旧制度都能获得大家的采纳，后来成为议员后，这个建议在公众中也颇有影响，我想这主要应该归功于我谦逊的品质（抛开我诚实正直的品质来讲）因为我不是个雄辩演说家，选词造句总犹豫不决，在言语上很难表达我正确的思想，尽管如此，我的主张仍然得到人们的支持。

　　12其实在现实中，人类的自然情感没有一种比骄傲更难驯服的了，尽管我们欺骗它，与它斗争，把它打倒，闷死它，高兴的时候想怎么修理就怎么修理它，可是它却依然存在，还不时地冒出来炫耀炫耀，简直难断其根。比如，甚至像我这样自认为已经完全克服了骄傲的人也许由于我的谦卑而又骄傲起来。

　　（以上写于帕西，1741年）

　　131788年8月，现在我在家里开始动笔了，许多笔记大多已在战争中散失，因而不能写的像我想象中的那么好。然而，所幸还是找到了下面这一些。

　　就这里所给出的计划和对象而言，这个计划看起来是正确的。它第一次出现在我的脑海里，是以下的片断，我把它们偶然地保存了下来。

　　1731年5月19日，在图书馆，我观察到我所阅读的历史。

　　14世界上的重大事件如战争，革命等大都由政党推进或影响。

　　这些政党的见解大都代表了他们当前大部分人的利益，或者正是他们要着手获取的。

　　不同政党之间的不同政见是混乱之源。

　　15当一个政党在实施他伟大的蓝图时，党内每个成员心目中都有权保留他独特的个人利益。

　　在政党获得他的较大的目标后，每个成员如果都坚持要求得到他的那份利益甚至不惜践踏他人的利益，这就会给党造成分裂，因而也会引起更大的混乱。

　　不管他们嘴上怎么说，政界中的人是很少只从国家利益这一目的来做事的。尽管他们的行为对他们的国家有真正的好处，但是人们仍然会从整体上看待个人和国家利益的，并不纯粹是出于爱国热诚。

　　16在政界中能为人类利益服务的几乎少得可怜。

　　在我看来，当前很有必要把各国有德行而又善良的人组成一个正规的团体，名为“联合道德党”，由明智的、恰当的理论来领导，党员们要服从这样的党章。这些善良而又明智的人，如果和普通人遵守普通法相比，当然能更自觉地遵守党章了。

　　目前我认为假如有一个德高望重的人来试办这样的党，他必然会得到上帝的赐福，一定会办成功！！

　　本杰明·富兰克林

　　17我常在心里寻思，当我一有空闲的时间就从事这一工作。因而在筹划前期我就不时地把那些偶尔出现在我脑海里的构想记下来。可惜的是，这些笔记大部分也遗失了。但我找到了一个原拟为教条草案要旨的文件，其中包含了一些我当时认为是各派宗教的精髓的东西，它摈弃了一切引起各教派信徒都反对的东西。原文如下：

　　天地万物皆由上帝创造。

　　上帝以天道总控万物。

　　世人应对上帝充满崇拜，感恩之情，祈祷上帝庇佑。

　　但是上帝最喜欢对人行善。

　　灵魂永存。

　　不管在今生或来世，上帝都惩恶扬善。

　　18当时我的这一理念还是个秘密，只对年青的单身汉宣传，每一个加入的信徒不但要宣布接受这些教条，而且应当按照前述方式，对于那些美德要接受13个星期的考查和实践。这一组织的存在应当暂时保密，直到信徒增加到相当人数时为止，以防坏人申请入教，但是信徒们应当在友人中物色悟性较强、性情温和的青年，逐步审慎地告诉他们关于这一组织的计划。信徒们应当保证在个人的利益、事业和发展中互相劝勉、协助和支持。这一组织将定名为“自由自如会”所谓自由，系指由于普遍地养成了实践美德的习惯以后人们能脱离罪恶的统治而言，特别是只在养成了勤俭的美德后人们可以避免负债，负债使人有遭受拘禁和成为债主奴隶的危险。

　　19关于这一计划我所能记起来的就只有这些了。我记得我曾经把一部分计划告诉过两个年轻人，他们相当热情地支持这样做；但是由于我当时境遇困顿，必须兢兢业业地操持业务，因此当时不得不把这计划的进一步执行留待日后。后来又由于千头万绪的公私事物缠身，使我一再延期，直到后来我已没有足够的精力和时间来从事这一事业。可是，至今为止我还认为这是一个切实可行的计划，如果能够把许多好公民组织起来，可能是一件十分有益的事。同时，我也没有被这件事的外在艰巨所吓倒。而我一向认为一个人只有具有坚忍的能力才能促成伟大的变革，才能在人世间做一番伟大的事业，假如他一开始就能制定一个好的行动计划，摈弃一切足以分散他注意力的娱乐和其它工作，把执行计划当做他惟一的目标和工作。

　　20在1732年我第一次使用了理查德·桑得斯的名字出版了我的历书。一直持续了25年之久，一般叫做《穷理查德历书》。我设法使它既有趣又有用，因此它大受欢迎，使我从中获利不少，每年的销售量高达一万册。大多数人都在读这本书，在宾西法尼亚以及附近几个州几乎每几家中就有一本，因而我就认为这是在普通人民中间进行教育的一种恰当的工具，那时的人几乎就只买这本书。因此我把成语箴言印在历书中重要的日子空白处，这些箴言主要是关于勤俭致富而获得美德之类的，因为一个人要长期坚持诚实廉洁是比较困难的，在这里引用一句成语来说吧：“一只空袋子是不容易站的笔直的。

　　21这些谚语，来自各个民族、各个时代智慧的精华，我把它们收集起来写成一篇文章印在了1757年的历书首页，作为一个明智的老人在参加一个拍卖活动时向公众所做的一篇长篇大论。将这些分散的箴言收集在一起相信能对人们产生更大的影响。因此这篇文章受到了普遍的好评，几乎美洲的所有报纸都全篇转载它，在英国，人们用巨幅的纸张翻印了它，并把它张贴在家里以示警戒，在法国，它有两个译本，贵族和牧师们也大量购买并把它们免费赠送给贫苦的教区居民和佃户们。在宾西法尼亚，因为它反对把钱财浪费在外国奢侈品上，因而人们认为在它出版后的几年里市场上的货币的增长跟它的影响是分不开的。

　　22我的报纸，我认为也是进行教育的一种手段，因此我常在报上转载《旁观者》或其他有关伦理道德的文章摘要。有时候我也发表一些我自己的短文，它们原先是为“密社”中讨论而撰写的。我的文章有一篇是用苏格拉底式的对话体写成的，旨在证明一个坏人不管他的资质和才能如何，如果道德品质低劣，他就不能真正成为一个明达的人。另一篇论自制克己，指出在培养某种品德时，要直到该美德成为一种习惯，而且还不能受与它相反的嗜好干扰时才算成功。这些文章大约可以在1735年初的报上找到。

　　23在经营我的报纸过程中，我小心地避免登载一切诽谤性的和带有人身攻击意味的文章，这种诽谤和污蔑近年来已成为我们国家一种莫大的耻辱。当人们要求我刊登这一类的东西时，作者也总理直气壮地说，我们有出版自由，报纸有如公共马车，任何人只要他愿意出钱都可以在上面占一个位子。我也不客气地回敬：假如他愿意，我可以为他单独发行，但由他自己分发，他需要多少份我都可以办到，而我没有义务替他散播毁谤。因为既然我跟我的订户订了合同，承诺向他们提供一些有益或是有趣的东西，那么我就不能在他们的报纸上刊登与他们无关的私人口角。假如我这样做，我就是违约的，虽然他们不会责备我，而显然这样是对他们不公道的。眼下在我们报纸发行这个行业中有许多人，为了满足个别人士发泄怨恨的要求，毫不犹豫地刊登一些无事生非的污蔑性的文章，毁谤我们中间一些品德最优秀的人，挑拨是非，甚至引起决斗。此外，有些报纸甚至随便地刊登一些文章指责和评判邻国政府和我国最好的盟国政府的政治措施，而这些评论又是非常愚蠢粗鄙的，这种举动可能会引起巨大的灾难性的后果。我提这些事，是为了告诫年轻的报纸发行人，切不可贪眼前的一时痛快而毁掉自己报纸的前程。他们应当坚决地抵制这样病态的要求，因为从我的例子中可看到：拒绝刊登侮辱性的文章从长远来看，是不会和他们的利益相违背的。

　　241733年我派了我的一个职工去南卡罗来纳州的查里斯顿，因为那里需要一家印刷铺。我向他提供了一架印刷机和一些铅字，跟他订了一个合伙合同，我担负三分之一的开销，同时他要向我缴纳三分之一的利润。他是个博学的人，诚实廉洁，但美中不足的是不懂会计。所以有时候他会汇款给我，但我却得不到他详细的财务账目。甚至到他死都没得到过一个令人满意的、有关我们合伙情况的账目报告。在他死后，他的遗孀继续管理印刷所的事物。她是荷兰人，且在荷兰长大。据说，在荷兰会计是妇女受教育的一部分。她不但对以往的收支做了一个尽可能清楚详细的报告，并且以后每季按时寄来十分精确的报告。在她的管理下，印刷所的事业相当成功，而且，她不但把一家孩子都养育成人，在合伙期满后，还能够把印刷所从我这盘了过去，令她的儿子继续经营。

　　25我提这件事旨在向我们女性推荐这门学科，万一以后不幸寡居，这门知识比起那些音乐或者舞蹈对她们和她们的子女来说应该更有用。它使她们不至于受坏人的欺骗而遭受损失，甚至使她们能够靠着已经建立起来的通信关系继续管理一家赚钱的商店，直到她们的儿子长大后，能够继续经营事业时为止，这样对家庭只有好处没有坏处。

　　26约在1734年一个叫韩博希的年轻传教士从爱尔兰跑到我们这里来传道。他声音洪亮，而且讲起道来，即使没有准备也能讲得口若悬河，头头是道。他的讲道吸引了相当数量不同教派的人，他们异口同声地赞美他，我跟那些人一样，经常去听他讲道。我喜欢他的传教，因为他不会照本宣科，而是以生动的例子来劝人为善、广积功德。但是我们信徒当中有些自命为正统派长老会信徒的人，强烈反对他的看法；大多数年长的牧师都参加了这一派，并且向长老会的宗教议会提出控告，指责他为异端学说，并要禁止他在这里传教。我那时也是他热烈的拥护者，并且尽我的力量来协助他，把拥护他的人组织起来，我们为他战斗了一个时期，那时候倒满怀胜利的希望！双方都在这时候进行了不少笔战。我发现虽然他是一个极其雄辩的传教士但文章写的却不行，因此我替他捉刀，代他写了两三本小册子和一篇论文，于1735年4月在《公报》上发表。这些小册子像其它的普通争论性文章一样，虽然当时风行一时，事后却很快无人问津了。我想，现在可能连一本也找不到了吧。

　　27在论争中发生了一件不幸的事，极大地损害了他的形象。对方有一个人，在听完他的一篇大受人们赞美的讲道以后，觉得以前在什么地方读到过类似的文章，至少有一部分曾经见过。经过一番搜索后，那人在一本英国的评论中找到了那段说教的详细引文，原来这是引自浮士德博士的讲道文，这一发现使我们当中许多人看不起他，因此不再支持他了，这样我们在宗教议会中的斗争很快失败了。但我始终支持他，因为我宁可听他念别人写的优秀的讲道文，也不愿听他自己杜撰的恶劣的说教，尽管我们普通的传教士都是自己写讲道文。后来他向我坦白说他的说教全都不是自己写的，他还说他的记忆力过人，任何讲道文一经过目，就能成诵。我们被击溃后，他就离开了这里，到别处碰运气去了，我也离开了这个教会，以后再也没加入这一教会了，可多年以来，我依然捐献维持这一教会的牧师们。

　　281733年我开始学习法语。不久我便获得了足够的法语知识，能够顺利地阅读法语书籍。接着我又学习意大利语。当时一个朋友也在学习意大利语，他常约我下棋。可这下棋的时间超过了我原定的学习时间，我不得不拒绝再跟他下棋了，除非有个这样的条件，那就是：每盘棋的胜利者有权指定一种作业，不论是语法方面的背诵还是句子的翻译，失败的一方要保证在我们下次下棋之前做好作业。因为我们的棋艺不相上下，这样我们就相互把意大利语灌输到各人的头脑中去了。以后我又花了点时间去学西班牙语，也能阅读西班牙语书籍了。

　　29我在上面已经提到过，在我幼年时曾在拉丁语学校里学过一年拉丁文，后来我就完全把它置之脑后了。但当我熟悉了法语，意大利语和西班牙语后，再翻阅一本拉丁文圣经时，我出乎意料地发现，我所掌握的拉丁文远比我想象的多，这就鼓励了我再去专心学习拉丁文，我的收获很大，因为以前学过的几种语言大大地替我铺平了道路。

　　30从这种情况来看，我觉得我们通常教外语的方式有些问题。有人建议，我们学习语言应从拉丁文开始，在学会了拉丁文后再学习由拉丁文演变而来的现代语言就会容易得多了。这种方法未尝不合理。但是，为了更顺利地学习拉丁文，我们为什么不可以从希腊文或其它的什么文开始呢？当然，假如你能不用台阶就能攀到顶点，然后再从顶端往下走是比较容易的。但是毫无疑问，假如你从最简单的部分开始学习，循序渐进，那样也很容易攻克最难的部分。许多人学拉丁文，学了几年后毫无成绩就把它丢开了，他们所学的几乎没什么用处，还白白浪费了几年光阴。因此，我就建议主管我们青年教育的当局考虑是否应当从个别的语言开始，比如法语，意大利语等等，然后再学拉丁语。就这两种情况我们可以设想一下：假如花同样的时间，虽然都没有把拉丁语学好，但后一种情况我们至少可以学会一种或两种外语，而这些语言是现代社会通用的，所以即使没有学会拉丁文，我们在日常生活中还是可以用到它们，而不比前一种方法——时间花了却什么也没学到。

　　31我离开波士顿已经10年了，现在我的生活也较宽裕了，因此，我回了一趟老家，故地重游，走亲访友。在这以前我还没有充裕的财力做这样的旅行，这一次也算荣归故里吧！在回来的路上，我又去新港看了一下哥哥，这时他已经把他的印刷铺搬到那里去了。一见面，过去的旧嫌宿怨统统冰释了，真是相逢一笑泯千仇啊！兄弟毕竟是兄弟！哥哥的身体已不如从前了，他的健康每况愈下。他可能预料到自己的大限已不远了，对我有个请求，也算临终遗愿吧，让我在他死后照顾好他年仅10岁的儿子，并使之子继父业。我答应了，我先送他读了几年书，然后再让他学印刷业。他母亲那时继续经营印刷所的业务，直到他成年。他成年后，我送了一套新铅字给他，因为他父亲留下来的铅字有点磨损了。这样我也终于能弥补当初，我过早地离开哥哥而给他带来的种种损失了。

　　321736年，我一个可爱的儿子，那时才4岁，因感染天花而夭折了。在相当长的一段时期内，我痛心疾首，陷在深深的悔恨当中，直到现在，我都无法原谅自己为什么不给他事先种痘。提这件伤心的往事，是为了提醒那些不替孩子们种痘的父母。万一孩子因种痘而死，做父母的当然无法原谅自己，可是不种痘，我的例子业已证明，孩子也有同样的危险！种痘比不种痘来说，相对生的机会大一些，因此，他们理应选择一条危险较少的道路。

　　33我们的这个社团，是一个非常有益的组织，她的会员们也十分满意。有些会员就想介绍他们的朋友来入会，但是假如这样做，那就会超过我们早先决定的适当限额，也就是，12人。从一开始我们的社团就是秘密的，这一点我们都信守承诺。这样做是为了我们社团的纯洁，免得坏人混进社团，可是有些人我们难以拒绝。我，作为反对放宽限额的人员之一，折中了一下做了书面建议，提议每个会员应该分头组织一个附属社团，拟订相同的讨论规则，但是不得泄露它与本社团的联系。这个办法的优点是：更多的青年公民可以利用我们的社团获得提高，在任何时候，我们也可以更好地了解一般民众的意见，因为我们社团的会员可以在分社中提出我们研究的论题，并且把各分社讨论的经过、结果向社团报告；通过这样集思广益的方式，我们社团每个人在事业上都可以得到提高。而且我们还可以把社团的主张和看法辐射到各分社中去，这样一来，我们的政治影响和为社会服务的力量也得到了加强。

　　34这个建议被采纳了，每个会员就开始组织他的分社团，但是也并不是每个人都能成功，只有5、6个分社组织起来了，它们的名称五花八门，像“葛藤社”、“协会”、“群社”等。他们不但对会员自己有益，而且给了我们不少的好处，比如提供消遣，扩大信息量，增加教益等，同时，在很大程度上与我们原先的期望相去不远，在某些特殊的事件上对公众的舆论也有相当的影响，以后在适当时候我还要举出一些这类的事例。

　　351736年，我当选为州议会秘书，这是我生平第一次获得升迁。第一年我倒是获得了一致通过，但到了第二年，当我又一次被提名时（秘书的任期，跟议员的任期一样都是一年），一个新议员，为了另一个候选人的当选，发表了一篇长篇演说反对我，但我最后还是当选了。我心里自然很高兴，因为除了秘书职位本身的薪水外，我还可以利用这个职位做些生意，赚些外快。比如我可以同那些议员保持联系，进而招揽印刷选举票、法律条文、纸币和其它零星的公家生意。这些生意，总的来说，利润是相当丰厚的。

　　36我由衷地宁愿这位议员没有反对过我，因为他不但是个财主，受过教育，而且还很能干，日后必定成为议会中很有影响的人物。后来事实果然印证了这点。我不想对他阿谀奉承以期获得他的青睐，但也不想和他就此结怨下去。后来我采取了另一种方案。我听说他的藏书中有一本稀珍，当时就写了一张便笺给他，表示我很想看那本书，希望他能借给我看几天。他立刻把它寄来了，大约过了一星期我把书还给他，并附了一张便笺，热烈地表示我的谢意。至此以后，我和他的关系有了转机，后来我们在议会中见面时，他还跟我打招呼了（他以前从不如此），而且十分殷情有礼。从此以后，他在任何时候都愿意帮我，我们也因此成了知己，我们的友谊一直持续到他生命结束。这又一次证明了我以前听到的一句古老的格言，它说：“假如一个人帮了你一次忙，那么以后他会比受过你恩惠的人更乐意帮助你。”同时，这件事也表明冤家宜解不宜结。

　　371737年，施保次乌上校，维吉尼亚的前任州长，当时的邮政总局局长，因不满意费城邮务代办在处理帐册方面的疏忽失职，而革了他的职，之后提议我继任。我欣然接受了。后来发现这个职位对我大有裨益，虽然它的薪水很少，但是它方便了通信的往来，间接地改进了报纸，因而使得报纸的发行量增加了，进而也招来了更多的广告，结果这一连锁好的反应，使得这一职位大大地增加了我的收入。而作为我多年劲敌的那家报馆，却相应地衰败了，当年他在当邮务代办期间不允许骑师给我递送报纸。我对他这行为没有采取打击报复，因为这职位所带来的收益已使我心满意足了。会计在生活中是相当有用的，这个费城邮务代办没有对会计给予相当的重视，而给自己带来了无尽的麻烦就是个很好的例子。年轻人应该谨记这个教训，我们将来如果替别人做事，就该把财务理得一清二楚，规规矩矩地上缴款额。做到这一点，他的品德就是他最有力的推荐书，可以为他谋到更好的职位，招来更多的生意。

　　38我开始把精力稍稍转到公共性质的事物上了。我先从小事入手。费城的巡逻制度是我认为急需加以整顿的事项之一。巡逻原由各区的警官轮流负责，警官预先通知若干户主在夜里跟他一起巡逻，那些不愿巡逻的人每年必须出6先令，才可以免去这一差事。这些钱原定是雇佣代替人来巡逻的，但是实际上，却远远超过了现实的需要，这就使得警官这一职位成为一个肥缺。警官们常常收罗一些乞丐无赖，给他们喝点酒，就叫他们一起去巡逻，但有一定地位的户主却不愿与他们为伍。巡逻制度也常常被忽略了，那些巡逻的人大多数的夜晚是在喝酒中度过的。为此我写了一篇论文，准备在社团内宣读，指出这些不正常的情况，特别强调警察征税的问题，他们征税的时候不问纳税人的经济情况，一律征收6先令，这样一来就不公平了，因为一个穷苦的寡妇，她需要保护的全部财产加起来恐怕也超不出50磅，而她所付的巡逻税却和一个万贯家财的富商是一样的。

　　39总得来说，我提出了一个较为有效可行的巡逻制度：即雇佣适当的人经常从事巡逻工作；对费用问题我也提出了较为公平的解决办法，就是按照财产的比例课税。经过社团内部会员同意后，这一观点下传给各分社团，作为各分社的提议。虽然这一计划并未立刻实行，但在变革人们的思想观点上我们做了准备，也为日后那条法律的通过铺平了道路。那条法律通过后，我们社会员的地位已经日渐重要了。

　　40大概就在这时候我写了一篇论文（先在社团内部宣读，后来发表了），论及酿成火灾的各种疏忽和防火须知，并劝人们小心火烛，大家都认为这是一篇好文章。因此，为了迅速扑灭火灾以及在发生危险时相互协助搬运和保管货物起见，就产生了组织消防队的一个计划。不久有13个人愿意参加这一组织。根据我们的协议，每一队员必须经常保持一定数量适用的皮水桶，结实的袋子和筐子（以便装货物）；一有火灾就必须立刻把它们运到现场。我们还决定每月开一次讨论会，讨论和交换我们所想出的有关防火的意见和想法，这些对我们在救灾时或许有用。

　　41消防队的作用不久就很明显了。愿意加入的人大大地超过了我们预想每队的适当人数。因此，我们就建议他们另外再组织一个，他们照办了。这样新的消防队组织一个接一个地多了起来，大多有房产的居民都加入了进来，真的有如雨后春笋！截止到我写本文的这个时候，这个叫做“联合消防队”的组织已经有50多年了，现在它还很活跃，即使第一批队员大部分都已过世，只剩下我和另外年纪较我长一岁的人还在。队员因不出席每月的例会而交纳的小额罚金都用来购置救火车、消防梯和其它对消防队员有用的器械。我猜想世界上不会有其它比费城扑灭火灾更为迅速的城市了。事实上，自从组织了这些消防队后，费城从未有过烧毁一两间住房以上的大火灾了，通常也只在起火的房屋烧掉一半以前，火焰就被扑灭了。

　　421739年，怀特菲尔德牧师从爱尔兰来到我们这里，他是那儿的著名的巡回传教士。一开始他还被允许在这里的某些教堂传教，但是牧师们相当讨厌他，不久就禁止他在我们这讲道了，所以他就不得不在露天场合传教了。千千万万不同教派的人都去听他传道，我也是其中之一。他的演说对听众具有非常巨大的影响，而且尽管他常常辱骂他们，说他们天生是一半畜生一半魔鬼，但他们还是非常赞美和尊敬他。这点我真是有点百思不得其解。他的传教对我们当地风俗习惯的变化起了极大的作用，真令人惊叹！原来我们这些人认为宗教是无足轻重、可有可无的，现在全转变过来了，好像人人都是宗教迷了；每当夕阳西下，假如这时候你到城里各处走一遭，就会听到每条街上，每个家庭都在唱赞美诗。

　　43露天集会常受天气的影响，很不方便，所以就有人提出了建造教堂的主张，这主张一提出，筹款人一定，马上就筹到了购买地皮修建教堂的足够款项。这个教堂长100英尺，宽70英尺，面积大约与威斯敏斯忒教堂相当。这项工程做的热火朝天，建得相当神速，短时期内便完工了。全部房产一概归教堂董事会管理，并且明文规定，不管是信仰何种宗教的教士，只要是对费城人民传教时，就都可以使用该教堂，因为该教堂的修建原不是为了某一教派的方便而是为了全体人民的利益。所以假使君士坦丁堡的伊斯兰教要派一个传教士向我们宣扬伊斯兰教，他也可以使用这个教堂。

　　44怀特菲尔德先生离开我们以后沿路布道，经过各个殖民地直到佐治亚，佐治亚的殖民地刚建不久，那里的移民大多不是吃苦耐劳的庄稼汉，而是惟一不得不忍受垦殖艰苦的那些破产的商人以及他们的家属，还有其他的破产的债务人。其余的便是一些好吃懒做的或者刚从监狱里放出来的人，这些人住在荒天野地后，因为不善垦殖，不能忍受开荒的艰苦生活，大批地死亡了，留下了一大群孤苦无依的儿童。看到这种悲惨的情况后，怀特菲尔德先生仁慈的心大受震动，就想在那里开办一个孤儿院来抚养和教育这些孩子。因此他就北上宣传这一慈善事业并且募捐，因为他仁慈的心，天才的演讲，听众除了心悦诚服地慷慨解囊别无他法，我就是其中一个。所以他募集了大量的捐款。

　　45我并不反对他这个计划，但是因为佐治亚在那时缺乏建筑材料和工人，有人提议花钱把材料和工人从费城运过去。我想假如把孤儿院建在这里，把孩子们接过来不是更好吗？于是我就向他提出这个建议，可是遗憾的很，他还是坚持原先的计划，不听我的劝告。因此我就拒绝捐款。不久后，我有一次偶尔听到他为筹款而布道，就暗地里下了个决心，一个小钱也不给，那时我口袋中有少量的铜币，3、4块银圆和5块金币。当他讲的时候，我开始软化了，我决定把铜币给他。接着他的三寸不烂之舌又使我感到惭愧，觉得铜币太少了，就决心把银币给他，但是当他结束时，我把口袋里的钱如数倒入捐盘中，包括金币和其它的一切。同时听道的还有我们社团的一个会员，他也像我一样，不赞成在佐治亚修建孤儿院，他猜想也许会被感动而捐款，所以为了预防起见，他从家里出来之前把口袋里的钱全倒出来了。不过在传道快要结束的时候，他十分想捐点钱，他就请站在他旁边的一个邻居借钱给他捐。但是不幸的是他的邻居也许是吃了秤砣铁了心，完全不为怀特菲尔德先生的演讲所动，并且说：“在任何时候，霍布金逊兄，您要借多少，我都借给你，但是现在不行，因为您好像中了蛊惑了！”

　　46怀特菲尔德先生的某些对头故意宣称他是想把这些捐款占为己有，但是我和怀特菲尔德先生很熟（他常叫我替他印刷讲道文，日记等），我从不怀疑他诚实廉洁的品质，直到今天，我仍坚信他的所作所为是诚实的。我想我为他作证，人们应当更加相信，因为我和他不属于同一教派。虽然他也曾经为我的改变信教而祈祷过，但是这祈祷好像从来没有奏效过，但这丝毫没影响我们之间的关系。我们的关系仅仅是一种世俗的友谊关系，双方都诚恳相处，这种友谊一直持续到他死为止。

　　47接下来的事例或许可以说明我和他之间的关系仅仅是世俗的友谊，他有一次从英国到了波士顿，写信给我说不久要到费城来，但是不知道在费城的逗留期间内可以在什么地方落脚，因为他听说从前招待他的老朋友——贝内舍先生已经搬到日尔曼镇去了。我在回信上说：“你知道我的住址，假如你不嫌简陋的话，欢迎光临！”他回信说：“假如你是看在基督的面上愿意竭诚招待我，上帝一定会祝福酬劳你。”我回答他说：“不要把我弄错了，我不是看在基督的面上，而是看在你的面子上。”我们的一个熟人知道后开玩笑道：“按圣徒们的习惯，他们受了别人的恩惠的时候，总把人情记在天上，不愿说他们自己领了情，而你呢，却偏把它记在地上”。

　　48上次在伦敦遇见了怀特菲尔德先生时候，他跟我谈起了孤儿院房屋的问题，他说他打算把这些建筑用来开办一所大学。

　　49他讲话时声音洪亮清晰，每字每句的发音十分清晰，站在老远地方的人也可以听得清楚他的话，特别是不管他的观众多么多的时候，人们都鸦雀无声地听着。有天晚上，他站在法院台阶上面传道，法院位于市场街中段和第二街西段，这两条街成直角。当时两条街上远远地站满了人。我站在市场街的末端，我想知道他的声音究竟可以传得多远，我一直向河边、向反方向走，我发现他的声音一直到离前街不远的地方还可以听得清楚，当我跑到前街时，街上的嘈杂声才把它盖住了。当时我就想：假如以我和他的距离作一个半圆，当中站满听众，假定每人占地两平方英尺，我算了一下，至少有3万人可以听到他的讲话。这时我才相信报纸的记载，说他曾经在旷野里对2.5万人传道。古代历史中也曾记载着将军们向全军作全军动员的演说，过去我也将信将疑，这时我终于相信了。

　　50因为我经常听他讲道，所以我能很好地分清哪些是他刚写好的说教，哪些是他在旅行中已经讲过多次的稿子。因为讲过很多次，所以他用后一类稿子传教的话，讲演的效果就会很好。每个词的重音和每一句的重音把握的十分恰当，声调抑扬顿挫，十分优美，即使一个人对他演讲的内容不感兴趣，也会对他那种语调感到赏心悦目，这种赏心悦目恰如优美的音乐带给我们的感觉一样。这是云游牧师比住家牧师有利的地方，因为后者不能反复使用同样的一篇稿子来说教，藉此来改进他演讲时的声调和姿态。

　　51他偶尔发表的一些文章却大大地助长了他对手的气焰。假如在演讲时不小心说错了或者甚至提出了错误的观点，以后还可以解释，或是因上下文的关系而对它的意义加以限制，或者直接加以否认，但是文字的证据是很难磨灭的。他的对手就猛烈地攻击他的文章，他们的批评似乎也很有道理，这样他的信徒就减少了，他们的人数也不再增长了。因此我认为假如他不曾发表什么文章，他的信徒一定会多得多，他建立的教派一定会更重要，同时他的声誉即使在他死后也许还会不断增长，因为没有文章就没有什么证据，也无从加以谴责和毁谤，他的信徒们就可以任意想象他具有一连串的优秀品质，因为他们热烈地崇拜他，当然希望他具有这些高贵品质了。

　　Part 5

　　1The precept of Order requiring that every part of my business should have its allotted time, one page in my little book contain'd the following scheme of employment for the twenty-four hours of a natural day:

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　　2I enter'd upon the execution of this plan for self-examination, and continu'd it with occasional intermissions for some time. I was surpris'd to find myself so much fuller of faults than I had imagined; but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish. To avoid the trouble of renewing now and then my little book, which, by scraping out the marks on the paper of old faults to make room for new ones in a new course, became full of holes, I transferr'd my tables and precepts to the ivory leaves of a memorandum book, on which the lines were drawn with red ink, that made a durable stain, and on those lines I mark'd my faults with a black-lead pencil, which marks I could easily wipe out with a wet sponge. After a while I went thro' one course only in a year, and afterward only one in several years, till at length I omitted them entirely, being employ'd in voyages and business abroad, with a multiplicity of affairs that interfered; but I always carried my little book with me.

　　3My scheme of Order gave me the most trouble; and I found that, tho' it might be practicable where a man's business was such as to leave him the disposition of his time, that of a journeyman printer, for instance, it was not possible to be exactly observed by a master, who must mix with the world, and often receive people of business at their own hours. Order, too, with regard to places for things, papers, etc., I found extreamly difficult to acquire. I had not been early accustomed to it, and, having an exceeding good memory, I was not so sensible of the inconvenience attending want of method. This article, therefore, cost me so much painful attention, and my faults in it vexed me so much, and I made so little progress in amendment, and had such frequent relapses, that I was almost ready to give up the attempt, and content myself with a faulty character in that respect, like the man who, in buying an ax of a smith, my neighbour, desired to have the whole of its surface as bright as the edge. The smith consented to grind it bright for him if he would turn the wheel; he turn'd, while the smith press'd the broad face of the ax hard and heavily on the stone, which made the turning of it very fatiguing. The man came every now and then from the wheel to see how the work went on, and at length would take his ax as it was, without farther grinding. \"No,\" said the smith, \"turn on, turn on; we shall have it bright by-and-by; as yet, it is only speckled.\" \"Yes,\" said the man, \"but I think I like a speckled ax best.\" And I believe this may have been the case with many, who, having, for want of some such means as I employ'd, found the difficulty of obtaining good and breaking bad habits in other points of vice and virtue, have given up the struggle, and concluded that \"a speckled ax was best\"; for something, that pretended to be reason, was every now and then suggesting to me that such extream nicety as I exacted of myself might be a kind of foppery in morals, which, if it were known, would make me ridiculous; that a perfect character might be attended with the inconvenience of being envied and hated; and that a benevolent man should allow a few faults in himself, to keep his friends in countenance.

　　4In truth, I found myself incorrigible with respect to Order; and now I am grown old, and my memory bad, I feel very sensibly the want of it. But, on the whole, tho' I never arrived at the perfection I had been so ambitious of obtaining, but fell far short of it, yet I was, by the endeavour, a better and a happier man than I otherwise should have been if I had not attempted it; as those who aim at perfect writing by imitating the engraved copies, tho' they never reach the wish'd-for excellence of those copies, their hand is mended by the endeavor, and is tolerable while it continues fair and legible.

　　5It may be well my posterity should be informed that to this little artifice, with the blessing of God, their ancestor ow'd the constant felicity of his life, down to his 79th year, in which this is written. What reverses may attend the remainder is in the hand of Providence; but, if they arrive, the reflection on past happiness enjoy'd ought to help his bearing them with more resignation.

　　6To Temperance he ascribes his long-continued health, and what is still left to him of a good constitution; to Industry and Frugality, the early easiness of his circumstances and acquisition of his fortune, with all that knowledge that enabled him to be a useful citizen, and obtained for him some degree of reputation among the learned; to Sincerity and Justice, the confidence of his country, and the honorable employs it conferred upon him; and to the joint influence of the whole mass of the virtues, even in the imperfect state he was able to acquire them, all that evenness of temper, and that cheerfulness in conversation, which makes his company still sought for, and agreeable even to his younger acquaintance. I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit.

　　7It will be remark'd that, tho' my scheme was not wholly without religion, there was in it no mark of any of the distingishing tenets of any particular sect. I had purposely avoided them; for, being fully persuaded of the utility and excellency of my method, and that it might be serviceable to people in all religions, and intending some time or other to publish it, I would not have any thing in it that should prejudice any one, of any sect, against it. I purposed writing a little comment on each virtue, in which I would have shown the advantages of possessing it, and the mischiefs attending its opposite vice; and I should have called my book The Art of Virtue, because it would have shown the means and manner of obtaining virtue, which would have distinguished it from the mere exhortation to be good, that does not instruct and indicate the means, but is like the apostle's man of verbal charity, who only without showing to the naked and hungry how or where they might get clothes or victuals, exhorted them to be fed and clothed.—James II: 15, 16.

　　8But it so happened that my intention of writing and publishing this comment was never fulfilled. I did, indeed, from time to time, put down short hints of the sentiments, reasonings, etc., to be made use of in it, some of which I have still by me; but the necessary close attention to private business in the earlier part of thy life, and public business since, have occasioned my postponing it; for, it being connected in my mind with a great and extensive project, that required the whole man to execute, and which an unforeseen succession of employs prevented my attending to, it has hitherto remain'd unfinish'd.

　　9In this piece it was my design to explain and enforce this doctrine, that vicious actions are not hurtful because they are forbidden, but forbidden because they are hurtful, the nature of man alone considered; that it was, therefore, every one's interest to be virtuous who wish'd to be happy even in this world; and I should, from this circumstance (there being always in the world a number of rich merchants, nobility, states, and princes, who have need of honest instruments for the management of their affairs, and such being so rare), have endeavored to convince young persons that no qualities were so likely to make a poor man's fortune as those of probity and integrity.

　　My list of virtues contain'd at first but twelve; but a Quaker friend having kindly informed me that I was generally thought proud; that my pride show'd itself frequently in conversation; that I was not content with being in the right when discussing any point, but was overbearing, and rather insolent, of which he convinc'd me by mentioning several instances; I determined endeavouring to cure myself, if I could, of this vice or folly among the rest, and I added Humility to my list giving an extensive meaning to the word.

　　10I cannot boast of much success in acquiring the reality of this virtue, but I had a good deal with regard to the appearance of it. I made it a rule to forbear all direct contradiction to the sentiments of others, and all positive assertion of my own. I even forbid myself, agreeably to the old laws of our Junto, the use of every word or expression in the language that imported a fix'd opinion, such as certainly, undoubtedly, etc., and I adopted, instead of them, I conceive, I apprehend, or I imagine a thing to be so or so; or it so appears to me at present. When another asserted something that I thought an error, I deny'd myself the pleasure of contradicting him abruptly, and of showing immediately some absurdity in his proposition; and in answering I began by observing that in certain cases or circumstances his opinion would be right, but in the present case there appear'd or seem'd to me some difference, etc. I soon found the advantage of this change in my manner; the conversations I engag'd in went on more pleasantly. The modest way in which I propos'd my opinions procur'd them a readier reception and less contradiction; I had less mortification when I was found to be in the wrong, and I more easily prevail'd with others to give up their mistakes and join with me when I happened to be in the right.

　　11And this mode, which I at first put on with some violence to natural inclination, became at length so easy, and so habitual to me, that perhaps for these fifty years past no one has ever heard a dogmatical expression escape me. And to this habit (after my character of integrity) I think it principally owing that I had early so much weight with my fellow-citizens when I proposed new institutions, or alterations in the old, and so much influence in public councils when I became a member; for I was but a bad speaker, never eloquent, subject to much hesitation in my choice of words, hardly correct in language, and yet I generally carried my points.

　　12In reality, there is, perhaps, no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Disguise it, struggle with it, beat it down, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive, and will every now and then peep out and show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history; for, even if I could conceive that I had compleatly overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility.

　　（Thus far written at Passy, 1741.）

　　13I am now about to write at home, August, 1788, but can not have the help expected from my papers, many of them being lost in the war. I have, however, found the following.

　　Having mentioned a great and extensive project which I had conceiv'd, it seems proper that some account should be here given of that project and its object. Its first rise in my mind appears in the following little paper, accidentally preserv'd, viz.:

　　Observations on my reading history, in Library, May 19th, 1731.

　　14That the great affairs of the world, the wars, revolutions, etc., are carried on and affected by parties.

　　That the view of these parties is their present general interest, or what they take to be such.

　　That the different views of these different parties occasion all confusion.

　　15That while a party is carrying on a general design, each man has his particular private interest in view.

　　That as soon as a party has gain'd its general point, each member becomes intent upon his particular interest; which, thwarting others, breaks that party into divisions, and occasions more confusion.

　　That few in public affairs act from a meer view of the good of their country, whatever they may pretend; and, tho' their actings bring real good to their country, yet men primarily considered that their own and their country's interest was united, and did not act from a principle of benevolence.

　　16That fewer still, in public affairs, act with a view to the good of mankind.

　　There seems to me at present to be great occasion for raising a United Party for Virtue, by forming the virtuous and good men of all nations into a regular body, to be govern'd by suitable good and wise rules, which good and wise men may probably be more unanimous in their obedience to, than common people are to common laws.

　　I at present think that whoever attempts this aright, and is well qualified, can not fail of pleasing God, and of meeting with success.

　　B. F.

　　17Revolving this project in my mind, as to be undertaken hereafter, when my circumstances should afford me the necessary leisure, I put down from time to time, on pieces of paper, such thoughts as occurr'd to me respecting it. Most of these are lost; but I find one purporting to be the substance of an intended creed) containing, as I thought, the essentials of every known religion, and being free of every thing that might shock the professors of any religion. It is express'd in these words, viz.:

　　That there is one God, who made all things.

　　That he governs the world by his providence.

　　That he ought to be worshiped by adoration, prayer, and thanksgiving.

　　But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man.

　　That the soul is immortal.

　　And that God will certainly reward virtue and punish vice either here or hereafter.

　　18My ideas at that time were, that the sect should be begun and spread at first among young and single men only; that each person to be initiated should not only declare his assent to such creed, but should have exercised himself with the thirteen weeks' examination and practice of the virtues) as in the before-mention'd model; that the existence of such a society should he kept a secret, till it was become considerable, to prevent solicitations for the admission of improper persons, but that the members should each of them search among his acquaintance for ingenuous, well-disposed youths, to whom, with prudent caution, the scheme should be gradually communicated; that the members should engage to afford their advice, assistance, and support to each other in promoting one another's interests, business, and advancement in life; that, for distinction, we should be call'd The Society of the Free and Easy: free, as being, by the general practice and habit of the virtues, free from the dominion of vice; and particularly by the practice of industry and frugality, free from debt, which exposes a man to confinement, and a species of slavery to his creditors.

　　19This is as much as I can now recollect of the project, except that I communicated it in part to two young men, who adopted it with some enthusiasm; but my then narrow circumstances, and the necessity I was under of sticking close to my business, occasion'd my postponing the further prosecution of it at that time; and my multifarious occupations, public and private, induc'd me to continue postponing, so that it has been omitted till I have no longer strength or activity left sufficient for such an enterprise; tho' I am still of opinion that it was a practicable scheme, and might have been very useful, by forming a great number of good citizens; and I was not discourag'd by the seeming magnitude of the undertaking, as I have always thought that one man of tolerable abilities may work great changes, and accomplish great affairs among mankind, if he first forms a good plan, and, cutting off all amusements or other employments that would divert his attention, makes the execution of that same plan his sole study and business.

　　20In 1732 I first publish'd my Almanac, under the name of Richard Saunders; it was continu'd by me about twenty-five years, commonly call'd Poor Richard's Almanac. I endeavor'd to make it both entertaining and useful, and it accordingly came to be in such demand, that I reap'd considerable profit from it, vending annually near ten thousand. And observing that it was generally read, scarce any neighborhood in the province being without it, I consider'd it as a proper vehicle for conveying instruction among the common people, who bought scarcely any other books; I therefore filled all the little spaces that occurr'd between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences, chiefly such as inculcated industry and frugality, as the means of procuring wealth, and thereby securing virtue; it being more difficult for a man in want, to act always honestly, as, to use here one of those proverbs, it is hard for an empty sack to stand up-right.

　　21These proverbs, which contained the wisdom of many ages and nations, I assembled and form'd into a connected discourse prefix'd to the Almanac of 1757, as the harangue of a wise old man to the people attending an auction. The bringing all these scatter'd counsels thus into a focus enabled them to make greater impression. The piece, being universally approved, was copied in all the newspapers of the Continent; reprinted in Britain on a broad side, to be stuck up in houses; two translations were made of it in French, and great numbers bought by the clergy and gentry, to distribute gratis among their poor parishioners and tenants. In Pennsylvania, as it discouraged useless expense in foreign superfluities, some thought it had its share of influence in producing that growing plenty of money which was observable for several years after its publication.

　　22I considered my newspaper, also, as another means of communicating instruction, and in that view frequently reprinted in it extracts from the Spectator, and other moral writers; and sometimes publish'd little pieces of my own, which had been first compos'd for reading in our Junto. Of these are a Socratic dialogue, tending to prove that, whatever might be his parts and abilities, a vicious man could not properly be called a man of sense; and a discourse on self-denial, showing that virtue was not secure till its practice became a habitude, and was free from the opposition of contrary inclinations. These may be found in the papers about the beginning of 1735.

　　23In the conduct of my newspaper, I carefully excluded all libelling and personal abuse, which is of late years become so disgraceful to our country. Whenever I was solicited to insert anything of that kind, and the writers pleaded, as they generally did, the liberty of the press, and that a newspaper was like a stagecoach, in which any one who would pay had a right to a place, my answer was, that I would print the piece separately if desired, and the author might have as many copies as he pleased to distribute himself, but that I would not take upon me to spread his detraction; and that, having contracted with my subscribers to furnish them with what might be either useful or entertaining, I could not fill their papers with private altercation, in which they had no concern, without doing them manifest injustice. Now, many of our printers make no scruple of gratifying the malice of individuals by false accusations of the fairest characters among ourselves, augmenting animosity even to the producing of duels; and are, moreover, so indiscreet as to print scurrilous reflections on the government of neighboring states, and even on the conduct of our best national allies, which may be attended with the most pernicious consequences. These things I mention as a caution to young printers, and that they may be encouraged not to pollute their presses and disgrace their profession by such infamous practices, but refuse steadily, as they may see by my example that such a course of conduct will not, on the whole, be injurious to their interests.

　　24In 1733 I sent one of my journeymen to Charleston, South Carolina, where a printer was wanting. I furnish'd him with a press and letters, on an agreement of partnership, by which I was to receive one-third of the profits of the business, paying one-third of the expense. He was a man of learning, and honest but ignorant in matters of account; and, tho' he sometimes made me remittances, I could get no account from him, nor any satisfactory state of our partnership while he lived. On his decease, the business was continued by his widow, who, being born and bred in Holland, where, as I have been inform'd, the knowledge of accounts makes a part of female education, she not only sent me as clear a state as she could find of the transactions past, but continued to account with the greatest regularity and exactness every quarter afterwards, and managed the business with such success, that she not only brought up reputably a family of children, but, at the expiration of the term, was able to purchase of me the printing-house, and establish her son in it.

　　25I mention this affair chiefly for the sake of recommending that branch of education for our young females, as likely to be of more use to them and their children, in case of widowhood, than either music or dancing, by preserving them from losses by imposition of crafty men, and enabling them to continue, perhaps, a profitable mercantile house, with establish'd correspondence, till a son is grown up fit to undertake and go on with it, to the lasting advantage and enriching of the family.

　　26About the year 1734 there arrived among us from Ireland a young Presbyterian preacher, named Hemphill, who delivered with a good voice, and apparently extempore, most excellent discourses, which drew together considerable numbers of different persuasion, who join'd in admiring them. Among the rest, I became one of his constant hearers, his sermons pleasing me, as they had little of the dogmatical kind, but inculcated strongly the practice of virtue, or what in the religious stile are called good works. Those, however, of our congregation, who considered themselves as orthodox Presbyterians, disapprov'd his doctrine, and were join'd by most of the old clergy, who arraign'd him of heterodoxy before the synod, in order to have him silenc'd. I became his zealous partisan, and contributed all I could to raise a party in his favour, and we combated for him a while with some hopes of success. There was much scribbling pro and con upon the occasion; and finding that, tho' an elegant preacher, he was but a poor writer, I lent him my pen and wrote for him two or three pamphlets, and one piece in the Gazette of April, 1735. Those pamphlets, as is generally the case with controversial writings, tho' eagerly read at the time, were soon out of vogue, and I question whether a single copy of them now exists.

　　27During the contest an unlucky occurrence hurt his cause exceedingly. One of our adversaries having heard him preach a sermon that was much admired, thought he had somewhere read the sermon before, or at least a part of it. On search he found that part quoted at length, in one of the British Reviews, from a discourse of Dr. Foster's. This detection gave many of our party disgust, who accordingly abandoned his cause, and occasion'd our more speedy discomfiture in the synod. I stuck by him, however, as I rather approv'd his giving us good sermons compos'd by others, than bad ones of his own manufacture, tho' the latter was the practice of our common teachers. He afterward acknowledg'd to me that none of those he preach'd were his own; adding, that his memory was such as enabled him to retain and repeat any sermon after one reading only. On our defeat, he left us in search elsewhere of better fortune, and I quitted the congregation, never joining it after, tho' I continu'd many years my subscription for the support of its ministers.

　　28I had begun in 1733 to study languages; I soon made myself so much a master of the French as to be able to read the books with ease. I then undertook the Italian. An acquaintance, who was also learning it, us'd often to tempt me to play chess with him. Finding this took up too much of the time I had to spare for study, I at length refus'd to play any more, unless on this condition, that the victor in every game should have a right to impose a task, either in parts of the grammar to be got by heart, or in translations, etc., which tasks the vanquish'd was to perform upon honour, before our next meeting. As we play'd pretty equally, we thus beat one another into that language. I afterwards with a little painstaking, acquir'd as much of the Spanish as to read their books also.

　　29I have already mention'd that I had only one year's instruction in a Latin school, and that when very young, after which I neglected that language entirely. But, when I had attained an acquaintance with the French, Italian, and Spanish, I was surpriz'd to find, on looking over a Latin Testament, that I understood so much more of that language than I had imagined, which encouraged me to apply myself again to the study of it, and I met with more success, as those preceding languages had greatly smooth'd my way.

　　30From these circumstances, I have thought that there is some inconsistency in our common mode of teaching languages. We are told that it is proper to begin first with the Latin, and, having acquir'd that, it will be more easy to attain those modern languages which are deriv'd from it; and yet we do not begin with the Greek, in order more easily to acquire the Latin. It is true that, if you can clamber and get to the top of a staircase without using the steps, you will more easily gain them in descending; but certainly, if you begin with the lowest you will with more ease ascend to the top; and I would therefore offer it to the consideration of those who superintend the education of our youth, whether, since many of those who begin with the Latin quit the same after spending some years without having made any great proficiency, and what they have learnt becomes almost useless, so that their time has been lost, it would not have been better to have begun with the French, proceeding to the Italian, etc.; for, tho', after spending the same time, they should quit the study of languages and never arrive at the Latin, they would, however, have acquired another tongue or two, that, being in modern use, might be serviceable to them in common life.

　　31After ten years' absence from Boston, and having become easy in my circumstances, I made a journey thither to visit my relations, which I could not sooner well afford. In returning, I call'd at Newport to see my brother, then settled there with his printing-house. Our former differences were forgotten, and our meeting was very cordial and affectionate. He was fast declining in his health, and requested of me that, in case of his death, which he apprehended not far distant, I would take home his son, then but ten years of age, and bring him up to the printing business. This I accordingly perform'd, sending him a few years to school before I took him into the office. His mother carried on the business till he was grown up, when I assisted him with an assortment of new types, those of his father being in a manner worn out. Thus it was that I made my brother ample amends for the service I had depriv'd him of by leaving him so early.

　　32In 1736 I lost one of my sons, a fine boy of four years old, by the small-pox, taken in the common way. I long regretted bitterly, and still regret that I had not given it to him by inoculation. This I mention for the sake of parents who omit that operation, on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it; my example showing that the regret may be the same either way, and that, therefore, the safer should be chosen.

　　33Our club, the Junto, was found so useful, and afforded such satisfaction to the members, that several were desirous of introducing their friends, which could not well be done without exceeding what we had settled as a convenient number, viz., twelve. We had from the beginning made it a rule to keep our institution a secret, which was pretty well observ'd; the intention was to avoid applications of improper persons for admittance, some of whom, perhaps, we might find it difficult to refuse. I was one of those who were against any addition to our number, but, instead of it, made in writing a proposal, that every member separately should endeavor to form a subordinate club, with the same rules respecting queries, etc., and without informing them of the connection with the Junto. The advantages proposed were, the improvement of so many more young citizens by the use of our institutions; our better acquaintance with the general sentiments of the inhabitants on any occasion, as the Junto member might propose what queries we should desire, and was to report to the Junto what pass'd in his separate club; the promotion of our particular interests in business by more extensive recommendation, and the increase of our influence in public affairs, and our power of doing good by spreading thro' the several clubs the sentiments of the Junto.

　　34The project was approv'd, and every member undertook to form his club, but they did not all succeed. Five or six only were compleated, which were called by different names, as the Vine, the Union, the Band, etc. They were useful to themselves, and afforded us a good deal of amusement, information, and instruction, besides answering, in some considerable degree, our views of influencing the public opinion on particular occasions, of which I shall give some instances in course of time as they happened.

　　35My first promotion was my being chosen, in 1736, clerk of the General Assembly. The choice was made that year without opposition; but the year following, when I was again propos'd (the choice, like that of the members, being annual), a new member made a long speech against me, in order to favour some other candidate. I was, however, chosen, which was the more agreeable to me, as, besides the pay for the immediate service as clerk, the place gave me a better opportunity of keeping up an interest among the members, which secur'd to me the business of printing the votes, laws, paper money, and other occasional jobbs for the public, that, on the whole, were very profitable.

　　36I therefore did not like the opposition of this new member, who was a gentleman of fortune and education, with talents that were likely to give him, in time, great influence in the House, which, indeed, afterwards happened. I did not, however, aim at gaining his favour by paying any servile respect to him, but, after some time, took this other method. Having heard that he had in his library a certain very scarce and curious book, I wrote a note to him, expressing my desire of perusing that book, and requesting he would do me the favour of lending it to me for a few days. He sent it immediately, and I return'd it in about a week with another note, expressing strongly my sense of the favour. When we next met in the House, he spoke to me (which he had never done before), and with great civility; and he ever after manifested a readiness to serve me on all occasions, so that we became great friends, and our friendship continued to his death. This is another instance of the truth of an old maxim I had learned, which says, \"He that has once done you a kindness will be more ready to do you another, than he whom you yourself have obliged.\" And it shows how much more profitable it is prudently to remove, than to resent, return, and continue inimical proceedings.

　　37In 1737, Colonel Spotswood, late governor of Virginia, and then postmaster-general, being dissatisfied with the conduct of his deputy at Philadelphia, respecting some negligence in rendering, and inexactitude of his accounts, took from him the commission and offered it to me. I accepted it readily, and found it of great advantage; for, tho' the salary was small, it facilitated the correspondence that improv'd my newspaper, increas'd the number demanded, as well as the advertisements to be inserted, so that it came to afford me a considerable income. My old competitor's newspaper declin'd proportionably, and I was satisfy'd without retaliating his refusal, while postmaster, to permit my papers being carried by the riders. Thus he suffer'd greatly from his neglect in due accounting; and I mention it as a lesson to those young men who may be employ'd in managing affairs for others, that they should always render accounts, and make remittances, with great clearness and punctuality. The character of observing such a conduct is the most powerful of all recommendations to new employments and increase of business.

　　38I began now to turn my thoughts a little to public affairs, beginning, however, with small matters. The city watch was one of the first things that I conceiv'd to want regulation. It was managed by the constables of the respective wards in turn; the constable warned a number of housekeepers to attend him for the night. Those who chose never to attend paid him six shillings a year to be excus'd, which was suppos'd to be for hiring substitutes, but was, in reality, much more than was necessary for that purpose, and made the constableship a place of profit; and the constable, for a little drink, often got such ragamuffins about him as a watch, that respectable housekeepers did not choose to mix with. Walking the rounds, too, was often neglected, and most of the nights spent in tippling. I thereupon wrote a paper, to be read in Junto, representing these irregularities, but insisting more particularly on the inequality of this six-shilling tax of the constables, respecting the circumstances of those who paid it, since a poor widow housekeeper, all whose property to be guarded by the watch did not perhaps exceed the value of fifty pounds, paid as much as the wealthiest merchant, who had thousands of pounds worth of goods in his stores.

　　39On the whole, I proposed as a more effectual watch, the hiring of proper men to serve constantly in that business; and as a more equitable way of supporting the charge the levying a tax that should be proportion'd to the property. This idea, being approv'd by the Junto, was communicated to the other clubs, but as arising in each of them; and though the plan was not immediately carried into execution, yet, by preparing the minds of people for the change, it paved the way for the law obtained a few years after, when the members of our clubs were grown into more influence.

　　40About this time I wrote a paper (first to be read in Junto, but it was afterward publish'd) on the different accidents and carelessnesses by which houses were set on fire, with cautions against them, and means proposed of avoiding them. This was much spoken of as a useful piece, and gave rise to a project, which soon followed it, of forming a company for the more ready extinguishing of fires, and mutual assistance in removing and securing the goods when in danger. Associates in this scheme were presently found, amounting to thirty. Our articles of agreement oblig'd every member to keep always in good order, and fit for use, a certain number of leather buckets, with strong bags and baskets (for packing and transporting of goods), which were to be brought to every fire; and we agreed to meet once a month and spend a social evening together, in discoursing and communicating such ideas as occurred to us upon the subject of fires, as might be useful in our conduct on such occasions.

　　41The utility of this institution soon appeared, and many more desiring to be admitted than we thought convenient for one company, they were advised to form another, which was accordingly done; and this went on, one new company being formed after another, till they became so numerous as to include most of the inhabitants who were men of property; and now, at the time of my writing this, tho' upward of fifty years since its establishment, that which I first formed, called the Union Fire Company, still subsists and flourishes, tho' the first members are all deceas'd but myself and one, who is older by a year than I am. The small fines that have been paid by members for absence at the monthly meetings have been apply'd to the purchase of fire-engines, ladders, fire-hooks, and other useful implements for each company, so that I question whether there is a city in the world better provided with the means of putting a stop to beginning conflagrations; and, in fact, since these institutions, the city has never lost by fire more than one or two houses at a time, and the flames have often been extinguished before the house in which they began has been half consumed.

　　42In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refus'd him their pulpits, and he was oblig'd to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was matter of speculation to me, who was one of the number, to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admir'd and respected him, notwithstanding his common abuse of them, by assuring them that they were naturally half beasts and half devils. It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seem'd as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.

　　43And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its inclemencies, the building of a house to meet in was no sooner propos'd, and persons appointed to receive contributions, but sufficient sums were soon receiv'd to procure the ground and erect the building, which was one hundred feet long and seventy broad, about the size of Westminster Hall; and the work was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected. Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia; the design in building not being to accommodate any particular sect, but the inhabitants in general; so that even if the Mufti of Constantinople were to send a missionary to preach Mohammedanism to us, he would find a pulpit at his service.

　　44Mr. Whitefield, in leaving us, went preaching all the way thro' the colonies to Georgia. The settlement of that province had lately been begun, but, instead of being made with hardy, industrious husbandmen, accustomed to labor, the only people fit for such an enterprise, it was with families of broken shop-keepers and other insolvent debtors, many of indolent and idle habits, taken out of the jails, who, being set down in the woods, unqualified for clearing land, and unable to endure the hardships of a new settlement, perished in numbers, leaving many helpless children unprovided for. The sight of their miserable situation inspir'd the benevolent heart of Mr. Whitefield with the idea of building an Orphan House there, in which they might be supported and educated. Returning northward, he preach'd up this charity, and made large collections, for his eloquence had a wonderful power over the hearts and purses of his hearers, of which I myself was an instance.

　　45I did not disapprove of the design, but, as Georgia was then destitute of materials and workmen, and it was proposed to send them from Philadelphia at a great expense, I thought it would have been better to have built the house here, and brought the children to it. This I advis'd; but he was resolute in his first project, rejected my counsel, and I therefore refus'd to contribute. I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me, I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me asham'd of that, and determin'd me to give the silver; and he finish'd so admirably, that I empty'd my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all. At this sermon there was also one of our club, who, being of my sentiments respecting the building in Georgia, and suspecting a collection might be intended, had, by precaution, emptied his pockets before he came from home. Towards the conclusion of the discourse, however, he felt a strong desire to give, and apply'd to a neighbour, who stood near him, to borrow some money for the purpose. The application was unfortunately （made） to perhaps the only man in the company who had the firmness not to be affected by the preacher. His answer was, \"At any other time, Friend Hopkinson, I would lend to thee freely; but not now, for thee seems to be out of thy right senses.\"

　　46Some of Mr. Whitefield's enemies affected to suppose that he would apply these collections to his own private emolument; but I who was intimately acquainted with him (being employed in printing his Sermons and Journals, etc.), never had the least suspicion of his integrity, but am to this day decidedly of opinion that he was in all his conduct a perfectly honest man, and methinks my testimony in his favour ought to have the more weight, as we had no religious connection. He us'd, indeed, sometimes to pray for my conversion, but never had the satisfaction of believing that his prayers were heard. Ours was a mere civil friendship, sincere on both sides, and lasted to his death.

　　47The following instance will show something of the terms on which we stood. Upon one of his arrivals from England at Boston, he wrote to me that he should come soon to Philadelphia, but knew not where he could lodge when there, as he understood his old friend and host, Mr. Benezet, was removed to Germantown. My answer was, \"You know my house; if you can make shift with its scanty accommodations, you will be most heartily welcome.\" He reply'd, that if I made that kind offer for Christ's sake, I should not miss of a reward. And I returned, \"Don't let me be mistaken; it was not for Christ's sake, but for your sake.\" One of our common acquaintance jocosely remark'd, that, knowing it to be the custom of the saints, when they received any favour, to shift the burden of the obligation from off their own shoulders, and place it in heaven, I had contriv'd to fix it on earth.

　　48The last time I saw Mr. Whitefield was in London, when he consulted me about his Orphan House concern, and his purpose of appropriating it to the establishment of a college.

　　49He had a loud and clear voice, and articulated his words and sentences so perfectly, that he might be heard and understood at a great distance, especially as his auditories, however numerous, observ'd the most exact silence. He preach'd one evening from the top of the Court-house steps, which are in the middle of Market-street, and on the west side of Second-street, which crosses it at right angles. Both streets were fill'd with his hearers to a considerable distance. Being among the hindmost in Market-street, I had the curiosity to learn how far he could be heard, by retiring backwards down the street towards the river; and I found his voice distinct till I came near Front-street, when some noise in that street obscur'd it. Imagining then a semi-circle, of which my distance should be the radius, and that it were fill'd with auditors, to each of whom I allow'd two square feet, I computed that he might well be heard by more than thirty thousand. This reconcil'd me to the newspaper accounts of his having preach'd to twenty-five thousand people in the fields, and to the antient histories of generals haranguing whole armies, of which I had sometimes doubted.

　　50By hearing him often, I came to distinguish easily between sermons newly compos'd, and those which he had often preach'd in the course of his travels. His delivery of the latter was so improv'd by frequent repetitions that every accent, every emphasis, every modulation of voice, was so perfectly well turn'd and well plac'd, that, without being interested in the subject, one could not help being pleas'd with the discourse; a pleasure of much the same kind with that receiv'd from an excellent piece of musick. This is an advantage itinerant preachers have over those who are stationary, as the latter can not well improve their delivery of a sermon by so many rehearsals.

　　51His writing and printing from time to time gave great advantage to his enemies; unguarded expressions, and even erroneous opinions, delivered in preaching, might have been afterwards explain'd or qualifi'd by supposing others that might have accompani'd them, or they might have been deny'd; but litera scripta monet. Critics attack'd his writings violently, and with so much appearance of reason as to diminish the number of his votaries and prevent their encrease; so that I am of opinion if he had never written any thing, he would have left behind him a much more numerous and important sect, and his reputation might in that case have been still growing, even after his death, as there being nothing of his writing on which to found a censure and give him a lower character, his proselytes would be left at liberty to feign for him as great a variety of excellence as their enthusiastic admiration might wish him to have possessed.