第3章

　　1由于我住的地方离小不列颠离印刷所太远了，所以我就在公爵街另外找了个住的地方，就在天主教堂的对面。他位于一栋意大利两层楼货栈的后面。那个货栈由一个寡妇打理，她有一个女儿，一个女佣，还有一个看守货栈的工人。不过，那个寡妇却住在外面。她到我最后住的那个地方打听我的人品以后就同意我租住在那里，租金是每星期3先令6便士。就像她所说的那样，有个男人住在这里她可以获得某种程度上的保护，所以她要的租金很便宜。她是一个老寡妇，是牧师的女儿，曾经是个新教徒，但后来随她的丈夫改信天主教了。她提起她丈夫的时候是满怀尊敬的。她在上层社会中生活了好一段时间，因此知道许多有关他们的奇闻逸事，甚至是查理二世那个时期的事情。她因为膝盖害痛风病，走起路来，一瘸一拐的，因此，她很少走出自己的房间，所以她有的时候想有个伴。和她在一起是很开心的，所以不管什么时候，只要她愿意，我就会去陪她。我们的晚餐是每人半条风尾鱼，一小块面包和黄油，以及半品脱的淡啤酒，乐趣就在和她的谈话中。我的作息时间很好，基本上不会打扰她们，这就让她不愿意我离开。当我对她谈起我听说离我工作不远的地方有个住处（我是想省点钱，所以才向她提的），每周只要2个先令的租金的时候，她就叫我不要考虑那个地方，她会在以后的租金里给我减掉2个先令。这样在我在伦敦的时候我就一直呆在那里，每周的租金是1先令6便士。

　　2在她屋子的顶楼，幽居着一位70岁的老处女，她过着离群索居的生活。房东告诉了我有关她的事情。她是个罗马天主教徒，当她年轻的时候被送到国外，住在一个修道院里成为了一名修女。但那个国家不欢迎她，所以她就回英国来了，可是英国又没有修道院，她就发誓要在这样一种环境里过一种修女的生活。因此，她把她所有的财产捐出来做慈善，只留下每年12镑的生活费，这其中的大部分她还拿出来做善事，自己只喝稀饭度日，火只在煮粥的时候才用。她在那个阁楼住了好多年了，房东也信天主教，她认为让她住那里是她的福气。一个神父每天都来听她的忏悔。房东说：“我问过她，她做的那样好，为什么还有这么多的事情要向神父忏悔？”她说：“是这样的，人不可能没有坏的思想。”我得到允许去拜访她，她很高兴我的到来，很礼貌地对待我，愉快地同我交谈。房间很干净，但除了一垫子、一张放着十字架和书的桌子、一张她让我坐的凳子就没有什么东西了。还有一张画，在壁炉上面。画里圣维朗尼正在展示她的手巾。画里的基督脸上流着血。她很严肃地向我解释那幅画，她看起来脸色很苍白，但却从来没有病过。我把这当做另外一个例子来证明无论收入多么少都可以过一种健康的生活。

　　3在瓦茨印刷所里，我认识了一个聪明的年轻人，他就是威盖特。他有很富有的亲戚，比印刷所里的其他人受过更好的教育。他会说法语，拉丁文也还过的去，并且酷爱读书。我教过他和他的一个朋友学游泳，学了两次，他们就游得很好了。他们两个人就把我介绍给乡下来的一些乡绅们，他是坐船去夏尔西参观大学和丹·沙特罗的珍品收藏的。在我们回来的路上，威盖特讲的有关我游泳技术的事情激起了大家的好奇，在大家的要求下，我脱掉衣服跳进河中，从夏尔西附近一直游到布来克夫里亚，一路上玩着水上水下的各种花样，他们从来没有见过这样的新奇花式，所以感到很惊讶也很开心。

　　4我还是在孩子的时候就很喜欢这样的运动，并且曾经研究和实践过色文若提到过的各种动作和姿势，还加入些自己创造的动作。这样对游泳很实用并且游得很优美。所有这些东西我都趁这个机会显示给我的伙伴们看，他们的赞赏使我很开心。威盖特很想在这方面成为一个能手，加之我们所学的东西很相近，我们就走得越来越近。最后，他向我建议一起游遍欧洲，所到之处，靠我们的手艺赚钱维持生活。我一直就有这样的想法，但当我向我的好朋友德纳姆说起这件事情的时候（我经常有空就去他那里呆上个1个钟头），他告诉我不要这样，建议我只想着回宾西法尼亚的事情。他正要回宾西法尼亚。

　　5我得讲讲德纳姆这个好人性格中的一个显著特点。他以前在布里斯托尔做生意，但是生意失败欠了许多人的债，他只还了一部分就去美洲了。在美洲，他专心做生意，几年之内就赚了一大笔钱。他和我同船回到英国以后，就把他原来的债主都请来，大加款待，感谢他们昔日对他宽大处理的恩惠。他们原来以为不过是款待他们一顿而已，但当他们移动自己盘碟的时候，发现每个碟子下面都有一张支票，除了还清他们的欠款外，还有利息。

　　6他告诉我他打算回到费城去，并且要带很多货物过去，在那边开个商店。他建议我去给他做店员，管帐（他会指导我），抄写信函以及照看商店。他还说，当我熟悉这些生意以后，他会升我的职，让我运一船面粉和面包等货物去西印度群岛，让我从其它方面获得佣金，那是笔很可观的数目。如果我做的好，这将会奠定我自己事业的基础。这让我很高兴，因为我已经开始厌倦了伦敦，不由得想起来在宾西法尼亚的快乐生活。我希望马上重温它。因此，我立即同意了每年50镑宾西法尼亚币薪金的协议，它确实比我当排字工人的工资少了些，不过前景更好。

　　7我现在离开印刷业了，我当时还以为是永远离开了。我每天忙着我的工作，每天和德纳姆出去，在各种各样的商人间周旋，购买各种各样的商品，查看货物的包装，出差，叫工人发运货物等等。当所有这些货物都被运上商船以后，我有几天的休假。在这些天里，有一个我只闻其大名的人——威廉·温德姆，他派人邀请我去他那里。我很惊讶，于是去拜访他。原来是因为他不知道怎么听说我能从夏尔西游到布来克夫里亚，并且在几小时内教会了威盖特和另一个年轻人游泳。他有两个儿子，打算不久要去旅行。他希望在他们旅行之前让他们学会游泳。如果我能教他们的话，他会重谢我的。他们现在还没有来伦敦，并且我也不能确定自己在伦敦还能呆多久，所以我就应允这件事。但是，从这件事情我想到，如果我留在伦敦的话，我倒可以办个游泳学校，应该可以赚到不少钱。这种想法使我很动心，如果这个建议早点提出来，可能我就不会这么早返回北美去了。许多年以后，我和威廉·温德姆爵士两个儿子中的一个联系过比游泳更重要的事情，那个时候，威廉·温德姆爵士已经是挨格蒙的伯爵了，这件事情，我会在以后再谈。

　　8就这样，我在伦敦呆了18个月，大部分时间我都在努力工作，小部分时间花在看戏和读书上。我的朋友拉尔夫让我很穷，他欠了我大概27英镑，现在我不可能收回这笔钱了，在我微薄的收入中这是一笔很大的数目。尽管这样，我仍然喜欢他，因为他有许多好的品质。虽然我没有在这里赚下大钱，但是我结识了一些聪慧的朋友，和他们的谈话使我受益颇多，并且在这里我还读了不少书。

　　91726年7月23日，我们从格拉尔夫森德开始出发。关于我旅程中的事情，我会在我的日记中提到，我在日记中详细地记载了那些事情。也许日记中最重要的部分就是我对我未来生活的规划，那都是我在海上期间规划的。我做出那个规划的时候还很年轻，但是我一直到年老的时候都忠实地执行那个规划，所以值得你特别注意。

　　10我们是10月11日抵达费城的。我发现费城已经发生了不少变化。基思已经不再是州长了，他已经被戈登少校取代了。我见他像一个普通公民那样在大街上走路。当他见到我的时候，似乎有些惭愧，但什么也没有说，径自走过去了。我见到里德小姐的时候也应该是一样的惭愧。在接到我的信后，里德小姐的朋友们觉得我没有理由可能回来，所以她们就劝她嫁给了另外一个人——一个叫做罗杰斯的陶瓷工。但是，和他在一起，里德小姐从来没有开心过。不久，里德小姐就和他分开了，拒绝和他住在一块，拒绝使用他的姓。现在外面都传他已经有了另外一个老婆。他是一个卑劣的人，但手艺不错，这就是让里德小姐的朋友们痛心之处。罗杰斯陷入债务危机，他在1727或者1728年的时候逃去西印度群岛了，后来死在那里。凯默的铺子扩大了规模，又开了家商品丰富的文具店，购进了许多新的字盘和技术在行的新伙计，生意好像很不错。

　　11德纳姆把他的店开在水街，货物也陈列在店里。我勤恳地工作，学习会计。在不长的时间内，我就很擅长于销售了。我们在一起吃住，他向父亲一样教导我，对我很真诚。我也很尊敬爱戴他。我们本来可以愉快地合作下去，但是，1726或者1727年的2月，当我刚过完我21岁的生日的时候，我们两个都病倒了。我得了肋膜炎，差点没有命了。我痛苦至极，心里已经放弃了生存的希望。所以，当我病好的时候，我都有些失望，在某种程度上有点后悔，我知道，总有一天，我还要遭受死亡的痛苦。我忘了德纳姆先生得的是什么病，他病了很长时间，最后病死了。他在他的口头遗嘱里给我留下了一笔小遗产，算是他对我的友谊的表示，然后他就走了，我再一次要独自面对这个广阔的世界。他的店由他的遗嘱继承人接管，我在他那里的工作结束了。

　　12我的姐夫霍姆斯那个时候正在费城，他建议我重做我的老本行，凯默也以可观的年薪来诱惑我为他管理印刷厂，这样他就可以更好地把精力投入到文具店了。我在伦敦的时候，从他夫人和他朋友那里知道他的品德不好，我不喜欢再给他做事。我想再找个店员的工作，但是，却不是那么容易找到，我只好再次走近凯默。他的印刷所里有这些人，他们是：休·梅雷迪斯，宾西法尼亚的威尔士人，30岁，从小做农活，诚实，聪明，有敏锐的观察力，喜欢读书，但是酗酒；斯蒂芬·波茨，一位年轻的乡下小伙子，也是从小开始干农活，天生聪明，富有智慧和幽默感，但是就是有点懒。凯默和他们约定一个非常低的周薪工资，但是每隔三个月加1个先令的工资，这就由他们的技术进步所决定。他用这种逐渐涨工资的办法来吸引他们。休·梅雷迪斯负责印刷，斯蒂芬·波茨负责订书。根据凯默和他们的协议，凯默要教他们，尽管凯默对这两者都是一窍不通。约翰，一个野蛮的爱尔兰人，他什么事情都不会做，他是凯默从一位船长那里买来的，他要为凯默做四年的事，他也要做印刷工。乔治·韦布，他是牛津大学的学生，凯默也买了他四年的服务，凯默打算让他排字，我以后还要讲到他。戴维·哈里，也是一个农村来的孩子，凯默收他当学徒。

　　13不久我就发现凯默出比以前高的工资给我的目的。他就是要我来训练这些廉价的劳动力。当他们掌握了这些技术以后，他就可以不要我了。因为这些人和他都是师徒关系，是有合同的。然而，我还是开心地做事，把印刷所搞得井井有条，原来这里可是一团糟。我让工人专心工作，他们的技术也不断得到了提高。

　　14一个牛津大学的学生卖身为奴，这是非常奇怪的事情。他还不到18岁，他告诉了我他的身世。他出生于格洛斯特，在那里的文法学校学习。当他们演出戏剧的时候，由于他非常突出的演艺才能，他在同学中声名远播。他是那个地方“幽默社”的成员，他写过不少诗，并印在格洛斯特报上，然后他就因此被送到牛津大学学习。他在牛津大学呆了一年，但是没有什么满意的，他只想去伦敦和做演员。后来，他获得了15几尼的季度奖学金，他没有用这个奖学金来还债而是离开了学校。他把自己的校服藏在荆豆丛里面，然后徒步到了伦敦。在伦敦，他没有朋友指点，又结识了坏人，不久就花光了他15几尼的季度奖学金，又没有找到进入戏剧界的路子，他成了个穷鬼，就把衣服当了，面包也没的吃了。当他空着肚子在街上不知道怎么办才好时，一张兵贩子的传单塞到了他手上，传单上说凡是愿意去美洲服务的人立刻就可以得到食物和奖励。

　　15他马上去签了合同，于是上了船。他从来没有写信告诉他的朋友们有关他的事情。他聪明、活泼，品性良好，是个令人愉快的伙伴。但是他也有某种程度上的懒惰、轻率和不审慎。

　　16约翰，那个爱尔兰人，不久就逃跑了。我和其他人都相处愉快，当他们发现凯默不能教导他们，而从我这里他们每天都能学到东西以后，他们就更加尊敬我了。由于凯默要做礼拜，所以我们星期六不用上班，因此，我每星期有两天读书的时间。我认识的聪明的城里人越来越多。凯默他自己对我很有礼貌，带着显而易见的尊敬。我现在没有任何忧心的事情，除了我欠弗农的那笔钱。由于我不善于理财，我现在还没有能力还。不过，弗农倒是还没有向我要过。

　　17我们印刷所里的铅字经常不够，并且那个时候在北美还没有浇铸铅字的人。我在路伦敦詹姆斯的住所看过人们浇铸铅字，但我那个时候并没有太注意。不过，我现在做了一个铸模，用字母做打印器，打在铸模的铅上。通过这种方式就很大程度上填补了所有的空缺铅字。我也偶尔刻几块铜板，制造油墨，我还是仓库的管理员等等，总而言之，我就是一个打杂的。

　　18但是，不管我怎么任劳任怨，我发现当其他人的技术不断进步的时候，我的地位也就越来越不重要了。当凯默付给我第二季度工资的时候，他就让我知道他的负担很重，应该减少点工资。他变得对我没有原来那样客气了，老摆他的老板架子，经常挑我的错，吹毛求疵，我们之间的战争似乎一触即发。尽管这样，我想他这样部分可能是因为他经营困难，因此我不断忍耐，继续我的工作。但是，我们之间的战争最终还是因为一件小事爆发了。那天，法院旁边突然传来吵吵嚷嚷的声音，我就把头伸出窗外看到底发生了什么。凯默那个时候正在大街上，他看到了我，大声地对我嚷嚷，叫我好好做自己的事情，并说了些责怪的话。他在大家的面前这样对我，我很生气，这时候，所有往外面看热闹的邻居都看到了他是怎么对待我的。他立即跑到印刷所，继续和我争吵。我们两个人都高声争吵。他按照我们签定的合同给我一个月的解雇预先通知，并且说他很后悔给我这么长的预先通知时间。我告诉他，他的担忧是没有必要的，我马上就会走。然后，我戴上帽子，就走出门了，在楼下，我碰到了梅鲁迪斯，我希望他收拾下我的东西，并且把它们送到我的住处来。

　　19梅鲁迪斯晚上就到我这里来了，我们谈论下我以后的去路。他对我很尊敬，他不想我离开印刷所而他还留下来。当我想要回老家去的时候，他劝我不要去。他提醒我，凯默已经资不抵债了，他的债权人已经不安起来。他的文具店也经营的很差，为了钱，文具店的东西经常没有利润就卖了，他经常赊卖东西却不记帐，因此他必然要破产，那样我就可以乘虚而入了。我说，但是我缺少资金。他就说，他父亲对我评价很高，很看好我，他从他和他父亲的谈话中可以看出，如果我愿意和他一起合伙的话，他父亲就会出钱帮助我们开业。梅鲁迪斯还说：“到明年春天我和凯默的合同就到期了。到那个时候，我们就可以从伦敦订购印刷机和铅字。我很清楚我自己不懂技术，如果，你愿意的话，你出技术，我出资金，我们平均分配赚到的利润。”

　　20他的提议很好，于是我答应了。他的父亲就在城里，也同意了这个事情。特别是他看到我对他儿子的影响很大，成功地说服他戒酒了。他希望我们的亲密相处会帮助他儿子改掉所有的不良习惯。我交给他父亲一张清单，他父亲又将之交给了一个采购商。东西就由那个采购商代买。在东西运来之前，一切要处于保密状态。同时，有可能的话，我还要去另一家印刷所找事做。但是，我没有找到有地方要人，因此就闲了好几天。凯默那个时候——有可能获得为新泽西州印钞票的时候，需要雕版和各种各样的铅字，而这只有我才会。凯默怕我被布雷福德请去而抢了他的生意，就给我写了一封措辞谦恭的信。他在信中说，朋友不应该吵了几句嘴就成了陌路人。他希望我回到他的印刷所去。梅鲁迪斯也劝我过去，这样他就能在我的知识下获得更多的进步。所以，我又回到了印刷所，情况比原来好多了。新泽西州印的那个生意接到了，我为之设计了一部铜版印刷机（这在那里还是第一次），还为钞票设计了一些花纹和字码。我们一起来到伯林顿，在那里，我圆满地完成了任务，各方都满意，凯默因此得到了一大笔钱，使他很长一段时间免于破产。

　　21在伯林顿，我认识了这个州的许多重要人物。他们中的一些人是议会任命来监督印刷工作的，钞票的印刷数量不得超过法律规定的。因此，这些人经常轮流和我们在一起，一般总是带一两个朋友来做伴。由于书读的多，我的见识因而比凯默广，我想，正是因为这个原因，他们更喜欢和我谈话。他们把我带到他们的屋子，把我介绍给他们的朋友。对我很客气。然而，我的老板凯默却有点被忽视了。事实上，凯默是个怪人，他不懂得社交，喜欢粗暴地反对大家都接受的观点，衣冠不整，邋遢到了极点，是某些宗教观点的狂热信徒，并且有点流氓习气。

　　22我们在那里呆了将近三个月，在那段时间里，认识了一些可以称得上朋友的人。他们是法官艾伦；州秘书塞缪尔·巴斯蒂尔；艾萨克·皮尔逊；约瑟夫·库伯；还有几个史密斯家的人。他们都是州议会议员。还有测量局的局长萨克·德科。他是一个精明睿智的老人，他告诉我他很年轻的时候就独立生活了——给烧砖工运土。当他长大以后他就开始写作。他为测量员拿测量链，测量员就教他如何测量。由于他的勤奋工作，他现在已经拥有了不菲财富。他还说：“我可以预计，你用不了多久就可以将这个人挤出这一行，并在这一行在费城获得一笔财富”。他说这些话的时候根本不知道我已经打算在这里或者别的地方开业。这些朋友日后对我帮助很大，我也不时帮助他们。他们终其一生都敬重我。

　　23在我讲述我正式开业前，我最好让你知道我那时候对伦理道德的看法，你也可以看得出，那些在很大程度上影响了我的未来生活。我的父母很早就让我对宗教产生了深刻印象，使我整个童年都虔诚地反对英国国教。但我那个时候只有15岁，当我发现在我读的不同的书里有不同观点以后，我就开始怀疑圣经本身了。一些反自然神论的书籍被我碰到了，据说博依尔布道的要旨都在里面。它们对我的影响恰恰和它的原意相反，为了反对自然神论它们引用了自然神论的观点，但那些在我看来，却比驳斥人的理由更有道理。总之，我不久就成了一个完全的自然神论者。我的观点把一些人，尤其是柯林斯和拉尔夫引入歧途，但是这两个人毫无良心地使我大吃苦头。再想起基思对我的行为（他也是自由思想者），还有我对弗农和里德小姐的行为，那些都不时引起我的愧疚。我开始怀疑自然神论的教义。自然神论的教义可能是真理，但却是没有什么用途的。我在伦敦写的小册子中，引用了德莱顿下面的诗句作为格言。

　　存在的就是合理的

　　尽管半盲的人

　　只看见链条的一部分，最近的那部分

　　他的眼睛却看不见

　　那在一切之上的公平那杆秤

　　24这本小册子还从上帝的品性，他的无边智慧，他的仁慈与力量得出结论，在这个世界上根本没有可能有错误的东西，善和恶的区分是没有意义的，根本不存在这样的东西。现在看来，这篇文章并不像我曾经认为的那样是明智之极的。我开始怀疑，有些错误可能不知不觉地加入了我的观点，以至影响了随之而来的结论，这种情况在推理过程中是经常发生的。

　　25我渐渐地相信，在人与人相处的过程中，对于人的幸福最重要的是真诚与正直。我于是写下了决心书，决心书还留在我的日记里。我决心终生侍奉它们。圣经本身对我没有什么重要性，但是我有个想法，深以为然，我们不能认为某件事情因为被禁止去做就认为那是不对的，不能因为某事要求人们去做就认为它是对的。然而，把所有的情况都考虑进来的话，某些事情之所以被禁止是因为它们对我们是有害处的，某些事情之所以要求人们去做，是因为那是对人们是有益处的。这种信念，靠着上帝的赐福或者守护天使的保护，或者偶然的有利情形或者环境，或者三者的合力，保护我度过青年时代的危机；在父亲不在身边，得不到父亲的劝告的时候和陌生人生活在一起的时候产生的危机。没有因为任性而产生严重的缺德和不义行为，而这些，本来因我缺少宗教信仰而产生。我说“任性”这个词，是指在前面我所提到的那些事例中，我由于年轻，没有什么经验，包括别人的无赖行为，都包含了必然性在其中。在我进入社会的时候，我的品德还是可以的。我很珍视它们，并且决心保持它们。

　　26我们回到费城不久，新的印刷机就运到伦敦了。我们在凯默知道之前和他算清了帐，得到他的同意离开了他。我们在市场附近找到了一间出租房，把它租了下来。那个时候房租每年只要24镑，后来听说每年要70镑，为了减少房租，我们就让安装玻璃的工人托马斯·戈弗雷一家和我们一起住，他要负担相当一部分的房租，我们还把伙食包给他们。我们还没有来得及放还印刷机、拆开铅字盒，我们的一个朋友乔治·毫斯就带了一个乡下人来，他在街上打听印刷东西的地方。我们所有的现金都用于购置各种东西了，我们已经身无分文了，这个乡下人的5先令是我们赚到的第一笔收入，它拿的正是时候，它比我以后赚的任何一个5先令都令我开心。由于对毫斯的感激，我更乐意帮助那些刚开业的人，要不是他，我可能不会怎么热心。

　　27在每个国家都有预言世界即将毁灭的人。那个时候，在费城就有这样一个人，一个很有名的老头，看上去很有智慧的样子，讲话的时候态度很严肃，他的名字是塞缪尔·米克尔。这个人，我并不认识他，有一天，他来到我的门前，问我是不是那个最近开了一家印刷所的年轻人。我回答说是的，他说他很难过听到我这么说，因为开印刷所要很多钱的，我所花费的这些钱都会没有的。因为费城即将完蛋，人们都处于半破产状态。所以和它相反的现象，像新建筑物地不断建成，房租不断上涨，这些他认为都是假象。所以这些东西，实际上都属于要毁掉我们的东西。他非常详细地向我讲述了现存的或者即将出现的一些不幸之事，他说的这些让我十分忧郁。如果我在创业之前碰到他的话，我可能永远不会做生意的。这个人继续住在这个不断走向毁灭的地方，重复同样的论调。但是，后来，他买了他第一次悲观预言地方的一所房子，价格是他预言时候的五倍，这让我很高兴。

　　28我本应该早就提到一件事情，在上一年的秋天，我把我所认识的大部分聪明的人集合在一起，开了一个俱乐部，它的名字叫“讲读俱乐部”，俱乐部的宗旨在于相互提高。我们每个星期五的晚上聚在一起。我制定了俱乐部的规则，要求每一个人应该轮流提出一个或者数个有关道德、政治、自然哲学的问题，大家一起讨论，每三个月提交一篇自己写的文章，可以是他喜欢的任一问题。我们的讨论在社长的指导下进行，本着探求真理的真诚精神，不应该有爱争辩或者求胜的心态。为了防止激动，一切过于自信的肯定表述和针锋相对的争辩都是被禁止的，如果违反规定就要处于小额罚金。

　　29“讲读俱乐部”的第一个成员是约瑟夫·布赖特纳尔，他是公证事物所的契约抄写员，脾气很好，对人友善，已经人到中年，特别喜欢诗歌，凡是他能碰到的书他都要拿来看，写了些还行的作品，善于做些小东西，通情达理。

　　30托马斯·戈福雷，一位自学成才的数学家，他对数学方面很有研究，后来他成为“哈德里象限仪”的发明者。但是除了数学，他对别的基本不知道。他不是一个另人愉快的伙伴，就像我碰到的大多数伟大的数学家一样，他要求对谈到的每一件事情都要求精确到底，无休止地区别和否定那些琐碎的事情，这样就防碍了大家谈话的进行。不久，他就退出了俱乐部。

　　31尼古拉斯·斯卡尔，一个测量员，后来成为了测量局长，他喜欢读书，有的时候也写点诗。

　　32威廉·伯森斯，一个做鞋的，喜欢读书，数学知识挺丰富。他开始学数学是为了学习星象学，但最后他却嘲笑星象学。他也成为了测量局长。

　　33威廉·麦格里奇，一个工匠，一个技艺非常精巧的工匠，老实聪明。

　　34林·梅雷迪斯，斯蒂芬·波茨，乔治·韦布，这些人我前面都谈过。

　　35罗伯特·格雷斯，一个家境富裕的年轻绅士，慷慨大方，活泼聪明，爱讲双关语，爱朋友。

　　36还有个叫威廉·科尔曼的，他是一个商店的店员，大概和我年龄差不多，他是我所见过的人里面头脑最冷静，心肠最好，品行最端庄的人。他后来成为了一个著名的商人，也是我们州的一个法官。我们的友谊一直持续到他去世，前后有40年的时间，“讲读俱乐部”也延续了那样长的时间，它是我们州最好的一个研究哲学、道德和政治的学术团体。我们讨论前的一星期提出问题，围绕提出的几个问题去阅读，这样在讨论中就可以针对问题发言。我们也在讨论中养成了良好的习惯。所有的事情都控制在规则之内，这就防止了相互之间的冲突。正因为这样，这个俱乐部才能长期存在，关于它，我以后还会不时提到。

　　37我在这里讲这个俱乐部的事情是为了让你知道我当时的目的是什么。俱乐部里的每一个人都尽力为我招揽生意。布赖特纳尔特别从教友会为我们拉到一笔印刷40印张教友会历史的活，其余的则由凯默印刷。这笔生意我做的非常辛苦，因为它的价格很低。要用12点活字印成《为祖国》式的对开本，还有很长的用小字号印刷的注释。我每天排一张的版，梅鲁迪斯就在印刷机上把它印出来，等我为第二天工作做好排版的时候，这样常常工作到晚上11点，有的时候甚至更晚，因为我的朋友们不时给我们介绍的小生意耽误了进度。

　　38但我决定每天完成一张。一天晚上，当我排好版的以后，我以为今天的工作总算结束了，可是一不小心弄乱了两个字版中的一个，有两页的铅字乱成了一堆，我马上拆了版，重新再排，然后才上床睡觉。我的勤劳都看在邻居们的眼里，我的名声和信誉也就随之而增加。特别是当我听说，商人的晚间俱乐部提到我们这家新开的印刷所的时候，大家普遍认为这家印刷所一定会倒闭，因为这个地方已经有两家印刷所了，凯默印刷所和布雷福德印刷所。但是，贝尔德博士（许多年以后，我们在他的家乡圣安德鲁斯见过他）持相反的意见，他说：“那个富兰克林的勤奋是我从来没有见过的。当我晚上从俱乐部回家的时候，我看到他还在工作。周围邻居还在床上睡觉的时候，他已经起来工作了。”他的话打动了大家，不久，一个文具商要供货给我们代销，但我们那个时候还没有决定开文具店。

　　39我这样详细地强调勤劳，好像我在自己吹嘘自己，我的目的是当我的后代读到这本书的时候能够了解勤劳给我带来的好处的时候能够明白这一美德的价值。

　　40乔治·韦布，她有个女朋友，她借给韦布一笔钱，这样韦布就用这笔钱买回同凯默签定合同时限定的时间。现在韦布来找我，希望来我这里工作。我那个时候不能雇佣他，但我愚蠢地告诉了他我不久打算办一张报纸的秘密，那个时候也许我可以用他。我告诉他，我有希望成功，因为布雷福德印刷的城里的惟一的那张报纸实在没有什么好说的，管理的很差，枯燥无味，但是却有利润。因此，我想到办份好的报纸一定可以赚大钱。我叫韦布不要让别人知道这件事情，但是他却告诉了凯默。凯默就抢在我之前，登出了他要办报纸的事情。韦布也因此被雇佣。我很生气这件事情，但我那个时候还没有力量办报纸。为了对付他们，我写了几篇有趣的文章发表在布雷福德印刷的那个报纸上，文章署名“爱管闲事的人”，后来布雷福德把它延续了好几个月。这样，公众的注意力都转到这个报纸上，凯默的办报计划由于我们的冷嘲热讽就没有人注意了。然而，他还是开始办他的报纸，九个月以后，他的订户最多也只有90户。最后，他只好把这份报纸贱价卖给我，我早就准备好了要接管这个报纸，就马上买过来了。在几年之内，这份报纸就成了我十分赚钱的生意。

　　41尽管我和梅鲁迪斯的合作还在进行，但我感到我说话的时候更倾向于只提我自己。原因在于，事实上，所有的经营和管理都是我在负责。梅鲁迪斯不懂排版，印刷也不在行，头脑也很少有清醒的时候。朋友们都很惋惜我和他合作，不过我还是尽量搞好我们的合作。

　　42我们出版的首张报纸和这里以前出版的报纸有很大不同。字迹更清楚，印刷更精美。我针对伯内尔州长和马塞诸塞州议会之间正在进行的争论写了一篇观点偏激的文章，引起了一些重要人物的关注，使得这个报纸和他的主办人成了人们经常议论的话题。几个星期以后，他们就成了我们的订户。

　　43他们成为了其他人的榜样，大家都来订我们的报纸，我们的订户在不断地增加。这是我学写小文章以来，获得的第一个小成果。另一成果是，一些重要人物看到报纸掌握在一个能动笔写文章的人的手里，应该给予资助和鼓励。布雷福德还在印刷选举票、法律文本以及其它的公家生意。他印了一份给州长的呈文，印刷的很粗糙，有很多错误。我们精美而又正确地重印了它，然后发给每一个人。这样差别就一目了然了，就增加了我在议会中的支持者说话的分量。所以，议会就通过了决议，把下一年的印刷业务给我们做。

　　44在这些议会的朋友们里面，我绝对不会忘记的是我前面提到的汉密尔顿先生。他是州议会的议员，他那个时候回到了英国。他在这件事情上大大地帮了我一把，像他以后在其它事情上一样，他一生都在帮助我。

　　45弗农先生这个时候提醒我欠他的那笔债，但并没有催我还。我写了一封坦率的信给他，希望他再宽限一点时间，等我有钱还的时候，我会连本带利还给他，并不断地表示感谢，他同意了。我的错误预算在某种程度上得到了纠正。

　　46但是现在我从来没有想到过的麻烦来了。梅鲁迪斯父亲按照他对我们的承诺，他要为我们支付开办印刷所的费用。他预付了100镑，也只能付100镑，我们还欠设备商人100镑，商人变的没有耐心，等不及了，就去法院告了我们。我们交纳了保释金，但是如果我们不能按时还钱的话，法院就要宣判强制执行，我们美好的愿望也就要完蛋了，因为印刷机和铅字都要卖了抵债，也许只能卖个半价。

　　47在这个生死系于一线的时候，我两个真正的朋友分别来找我。他们的情义我永远不会忘记，只要我还能记起任何事情我就不会忘记。他们相互间并不认识，也没有我的要求，他们志愿为我垫付所有的款项，这样我就可以单独经营这个印刷所了，如果可以的话。他们不喜欢我继续和梅鲁迪斯合作。就像他们说的那样，梅鲁迪斯经常在大街上醉熏熏的，在啤酒店里玩些低级游戏，这对我们的名声不好。这两个朋友是威廉·科尔曼和罗伯特·格雷斯。如果梅鲁迪斯他们能根据协议完成他们那一部分任务的话，我不能提出单独干的建议。因为，我认为只要他们能履行合同的话，我就有义务遵守合同。如果他们不能履行合同的话，那么我们的合作关系才可以解除，那我就可以自由地接受我朋友的帮助。

　　48事情就这样，过了一段时间，我对我的合伙人梅鲁迪斯说：“也许你父亲并不想你参加我们的这个生意，他可能不愿意为你和我垫钱，也可能他愿意为你出钱，但不愿意为我出。如果是这样的情况的话，那么告诉我，我会把整个生意给你，我去做我自己的生意”。梅鲁迪斯说：“不，事情不是这样的。我父亲确实很失望，但他是真的没有钱。我也不愿意为难他老人家。我知道这个生意不适合我做。我从小就是干农活的，我30岁的时候到城里来当学徒，简直就是对我的嘲弄。我们许多威尔士的人都去北卡罗莱那州定居了。那个地方地价便宜，我想和他们一起去那里，干我的老本行。你可以找你的朋友帮你一把，如果你能负责印刷所的债务，还我父亲原来垫付的100英镑，还掉我的那点私人债务，给我30镑和一副新的马鞍，我就退出我们的合伙，整个印刷所就是你的了。”我同意了他开出的条件，我们就起草了一份协议，然后签字。我把他所要求的东西都给了他。不久以后，他就去北卡罗莱那了。第二年，他寄了两封长信给我，其中一封是有关那地方的最好叙述。信里提到了当地的气候、土壤、农业等，他对这些很熟悉。我把他的信在报纸上发表了，公众对之很满意。

　　49他一走，我就去找那两位朋友。我不想显出对谁有偏爱，所以从他们给的钱中各取了一半，还清了债务，公开对外宣布结束合伙，开始由我独立经营。我想这大概是1729年的事情。

　　50大概也就是这个时候，人们要求发行更多的纸币，因为当时州里只有1.5万镑的纸币，而且还在不断减少。富人反对纸币的任何增加，因为他们担心那样的话会像新英格兰那样，纸币增加而导致纸币的贬值。我们在我们的“讲读俱乐部”讨论了这一观点。我站在增加纸币的那边，因为1723年第一次发行了数额不大的纸币以后，促进了商业的繁荣，增加了就业机会，州里的居民人数也增加了。我看到所有的老房子都住了人，许多新的房子也在建造之中，我很清楚地记得，当我第一次走在费城大街上的时候，我啃着我的松卷，看到胡桃街，第二大街，前大街的房子上都贴着招租的条子，我那个时候就想，这个城市的居民在不断地逃离这个地方。

　　51我们之间的争论使我全身心地投入到这个问题上去，我还写了一篇匿名的小册子，名字就叫《试论纸币的性质和必要性》。它在普通老百姓那里得到了很好的反响，但是富人们不喜欢它，因为它增强了增加纸币的呼声，他们之中恰好又没有人写文章来反驳它，所以反对增加纸币的意见的声音就小下去了。我的观点得到了议会多数的赞同。我在议会中的朋友们觉得把印刷纸币的业务交给我是我应得的奖赏，那是个非常有利润的生意，对我帮助很大。这是我写作带来的又一个好处。

　　52增加纸币的效用随着时间的过去是如此的明显，以后就再也没有争辩了。纸币的数量很快增加到了5.5万镑，1739年则增加到了8万镑，在战争时期则达到了35万镑。商业、建筑、居民人数都在增长。虽然我现在想，发行纸币也有个限度，超过这个限度也可能是有害的。

　　53不久，我通过朋友汉密尔顿的帮助拿到了印刷纽卡斯尔纸币的业务，在我看来，那又是一笔利润丰厚的生意。对于做小本生意的人来说，一些小事情也显得很重大。这些生意使我大受鼓舞，也确实利润不少。他还帮我得到了印刷那个州的法律文件和选票的业务，这项业务一直持续到我从事印刷业的所有时间。

　　54我现在开了一家小小的文具店。店里有各种各样的发票，在当时，是式样最齐全的。能够做到这个样子，多亏了朋友布赖恩特纳尔的帮助。怀特马施是我在伦敦的时候认识的排字工，一个非常优秀的工人，他这个时候来到了我这里，和我一起工作，人很勤奋。我还收了一个学徒，就是阿奎那·罗斯的儿子。

　　55我现在开始逐步偿还印刷所的债务。为了商人的信誉和品行，我小心谨慎，勤俭节约，避免一切与之相反的东西。我穿着朴素，我从不在无益的娱乐场所出现，也不出去钓鱼或者打猎。确实，有的时候，因为读书使我耽误了工作，但那是极少数情况下的事，而且是秘密的，没有闲话。为了显示我并不是高高在上，我有的时候就推着一辆小车把买来的报纸运回家。这样大家认为我是一个勤劳上进、又守信用的年轻人。我从不拖欠，所有文具批发商都拉我做他们的生意，其他商家也主动要求我替他们代销书籍。我可真是一帆风顺。同时，凯默的信用和生意却每况愈下，最终被迫把他的印刷所卖了来还债。他去了巴巴多斯，在那里住了些个年头，穷困潦倒。

　　56凯默有个学徒，他的名字是大卫·哈里，我在那里工作的时候指导过他。他买下了凯默的机器设备，在费城开起了印刷厂。我开始担心他会成为我强有力的竞争对手，因为他的朋友能干又有势力。因此，我提议和他合伙，幸运的是他轻蔑地拒绝了我。他这个人很狂傲，穿的像个绅士，生活奢侈，经常在外面寻欢作乐，债务缠身，疏于管理他的生意，因此也没有业务可做，最后他带上他的机器，也和凯默一样去了巴巴多斯。在巴巴多斯，他雇佣了他原来的老板做工人。他们经常吵架。哈里仍然不断地负债，最后被迫把机器变卖了，返回宾西法尼亚种田去了。那个买下哈里机器的人继续雇佣凯默操作这些机器，几年以后他就去世了。

　　57现在，费城除了一个老对手布雷福德就没有人和我竞争了。布雷福德现在生活富裕舒适，他只是雇些零工偶尔干些散活，对生意不是很担心。但是，由于他负责管理邮局，人们认为他有更多的机会得到新闻，他的报纸在投放渠道上也比我有优势，他的广告业务也比我多，这对他很有利却对我不利。事实上，我也通过他的邮局收发报纸，但是大家并不知道，我们是私下里秘密进行的，我是通过贿赂邮局的骑师来进行的。布雷福德知道了就会毫不留情地禁止，这种行为使我大为恼怒，也因此有点鄙视他。因此，当日后我处在他的位置时我从不学他那样。

　　Part 3

　　1My lodging in Little Britain being too remote, I found another in Duke-street, opposite to the Romish Chapel. It was two pair of stairs backwards, at an Italian warehouse. A widow lady kept the house; she had a daughter, and a maid servant, and a journeyman who attended the warehouse, but lodg'd abroad. After sending to inquire my character at the house where I last lodg'd she agreed to take me in at the same rate, 3s. 6d. per week; cheaper, as she said, from the protection she expected in having a man lodge in the house. She was a widow, an elderly woman; had been bred a Protestant, being a clergyman's daughter, but was converted to the Catholic religion by her husband, whose memory she much revered; had lived much among people of distinction, and knew a thousand anecdotes of them as far back as the times of Charles the Second. She was lame in her knees with the gout, and, therefore, seldom stirred out of her room, so sometimes wanted company; and hers was so highly amusing to me, that I was sure to spend an evening with her whenever she desired it. Our supper was only half an anchovy each, on a very little strip of bread and butter, and half a pint of ale between us; but the entertainment was in her conversation. My always keeping good hours, and giving little trouble in the family, made her unwilling to part with me; so that, when I talk'd of a lodging I had heard of, nearer my business, for two shillings a week, which, intent as I now was on saving money, made some difference, she bid me not think of it, for she would abate me two shillings a week for the future; so I remained with her at one shilling and sixpence as long as I staid in London.

　　2In a garret of her house there lived a maiden lady of seventy, in the most retired manner, of whom my landlady gave me this account: that she was a Roman Catholic, had been sent abroad when young, and lodg'd in a nunnery with an intent of becoming a nun; but, the country not agreeing with her, she returned to England, where, there being no nunnery, she had vow'd to lead the life of a nun, as near as might be done in those circumstances. Accordingly, she had given all her estate to charitable uses, reserving only twelve pounds a year to live on, and out of this sum she still gave a great deal in charity, living herself on water-gruel only, and using no fire but to boil it. She had lived many years in that garret, being permitted to remain there gratis by successive Catholic tenants of the house below, as they deemed it a blessing to have her there. A priest visited her to confess her every day. \"I have ask'd her,\" says my landlady, \"how she, as she liv'd, could possibly find so much employment for a confessor?\" \"Oh,\" said she, \"it is impossible to avoid vain thoughts.\" I was permitted once to visit her, She was chearful and polite, and convers'd pleasantly. The room was clean, but had no other furniture than a matras, a table with a crucifix and book, a stool which she gave me to sit on, and a picture over the chimney of Saint Veronica displaying her handkerchief, with the miraculous figure of Christ's bleeding face on it, which she explained to me with great seriousness. She look'd pale, but was never sick; and I give it as another instance on how small an income life and health may be supported.

　　3At Watts's printing-house I contracted an acquaintance with an ingenious young man, one Wygate, who, having wealthy relations, had been better educated than most printers; was a tolerable Latinist, spoke French, and lov'd reading. I taught him and a friend of his to swim at twice going into the river, and they soon became good swimmers. They introduc'd me to some gentlemen from the country, who went to Chelsea by water to see the College and Don Saltero's curiosities. In our return, at the request of the company, whose curiosity Wygate had excited, I stripped and leaped into the river, and swam from near Chelsea to Blackfryar's, performing on the way many feats of activity, both upon and under water, that surpris'd and pleas'd those to whom they were novelties.

　　4I had from a child been ever delighted with this exercise, had studied and practis'd all Thevenot's motions and positions, added some of my own, aiming at the graceful and easy as well as the useful. All these I took this occasion of exhibiting to the company, and was much flatter'd by their admiration; and Wygate, who was desirous of becoming a master, grew more and more attach'd to me on that account, as well as from the similarity of our studies. He at length proposed to me travelling all over Europe together, supporting ourselves everywhere by working at our business. I was once inclined to it; but, mentioning it to my good friend Mr. Denham, with whom I often spent an hour when I had leisure, he dissuaded me from it, advising me to think only of returning to Pennsilvania, which he was now about to do.

　　5I must record one trait of this good man's character. He had formerly been in business at Bristol, but failed in debt to a number of people, compounded and went to America. There, by a close application to business as a merchant, he acquir'd a plentiful fortune in a few years. Returning to England in the ship with me, he invited his old creditors to an entertainment, at which he thank'd them for the easy composition they had favored him with, and, when they expected nothing but the treat, every man at the first remove found under his plate an order on a banker for the full amount of the unpaid remainder with interest.

　　6He now told me he was about to return to Philadelphia, and should carry over a great quantity of goods in order to open a store there. He propos'd to take me over as his clerk, to keep his books, in which he would instruct me, copy his letters, and attend the store. He added that, as soon as I should be acquainted with mercantile business, he would promote me by sending me with a cargo of flour and bread, etc., to the West Indies, and procure me commissions from others which would be profitable; and, if I manag'd well, would establish me handsomely. The thing pleas'd me; for I was grown tired of London, remembered with pleasure the happy months I had spent in Pennsylvania, and wish'd again to see it; therefore I immediately agreed on the terms of fifty pounds a year, Pennsylvania money; less, indeed, than my present gettings as a compositor, but affording a better prospect.

　　7I now took leave of printing, as I thought, for ever, and was daily employed in my new business, going about with Mr. Denham among the tradesmen to purchase various articles, and seeing them pack'd up, doing errands, calling upon workmen to dispatch, etc.; and, when all was on board, I had a few days' leisure. On one of these days, I was, to my surprise, sent for by a great man I knew only by name, a Sir William Wyndham, and I waited upon him. He had heard by some means or other of my swimming from Chelsea to Blackfriar's, and of my teaching Wygate and another young man to swim in a few hours. He had two sons, about to set out on their travels; he wish'd to have them first taught swimming, and proposed to gratify me handsomely if I would teach them. They were not yet come to town, and my stay was uncertain, so I could not undertake it; but, from this incident, I thought it likely that, if I were to remain in England and open a swimming-school, I might get a good deal of money; and it struck me so strongly, that, had the overture been sooner made me, probably I should not so soon have returned to America. After many years, you and I had something of more importance to do with one of these sons of Sir William Wyndham, become Earl of Egremont, which I shall mention in its place.

　　8Thus I spent about eighteen months in London; most part of the time I work'd hard at my business, and spent but little upon myself except in seeing plays and in books. My friend Ralph had kept me poor; he owed me about twenty-seven pounds, which I was now never likely to receive; a great sum out of my small earnings! I lov'd him, notwithstanding, for he had many amiable qualities. I had by no means improv'd my fortune; but I had picked up some very ingenious acquaintance, whose conversation was of great advantage to me; and I had read considerably.

　　9We sail'd from Gravesend on the 23d of July, 1726. For the incidents of the voyage, I refer you to my journal, where you will find them all minutely related. Perhaps the most important part of that journal is the plan to be found in it, which I formed at sea, for regulating my future conduct in life. It is the more remarkable, as being formed when I was so young, and yet being pretty faithfully adhered to quite thro' to old age.

　　10We landed in Philadelphia on the 11th of October, where I found sundry alterations. Keith was no longer governor, being superseded by Major Gordon. I met him walking the streets as a common citizen. He seem'd a little asham'd at seeing me, but pass'd without saying anything. I should have been as much asham'd at seeing Miss Read, had not her friends, despairing with reason of my return after the receipt of my letter, persuaded her to marry another, one Rogers, a potter, which was done in my absence. With him, however, she was never happy, and soon parted from him, refusing to cohabit with him or bear his name, it being now said that he bad another wife. He was a worthless fellow, tho' an excellent workman, which was the temptation to her friends. He got into debt, ran away in 1727 or 1728, went to the West Indies, and died there. Keimer had got a better house, a shop well supply'd with stationery, plenty of new types, a number of hands, tho' none good, and seem'd to have a great deal of business.

　　11Mr. Denham took a store in Water-street, where we open'd our goods; I attended the business diligently, studied accounts, and grew, in a little time, expert at selling. We lodg'd and, boarded together; he counsell'd me as a father, having a sincere regard for me. I respected and lov'd him, and we might have gone on together very happy; but, in the beginning of February, 1726-7, when I had just pass'd my twenty-first year, we both were taken ill. My distemper was a pleurisy, which very nearly carried me off. I suffered a good deal, gave up the point in my own mind, and was rather disappointed when I found myself recovering, regretting, in some degree, that I must now, some time or other, have all that disagreeable work to do over again. I forget what his distemper was; it held him a long time, and at length carried him off. He left me a small legacy in a nuncupative will, as a token of his kindness for me, and he left me once more to the wide world; for the store was taken into the care of his executors, and my employment under him ended.

　　12My brother-in-law, Holmes, being now at Philadelphia, advised my return to my business; and Keimer tempted me, with an offer of large wages by the year, to come and take the management of his printing-house, that he might better attend his stationer's shop. I had heard a bad character of him in London from his wife and her friends, and was not fond of having any more to do with him. I tri'd for farther employment as a merchant's clerk; but, not readily meeting with any, I clos'd again with Keimer. I found in his house these hands: Hugh Meredith, a Welsh Pensilvanian, thirty years of age, bred to country work; honest, sensible, had a great deal of solid observation, was something of a reader, but given to drink. Stephen Potts, a young countryman of full age, bred to the same, of uncommon natural parts, and great wit and humor, but a little idle. These he had agreed with at extream low wages per week, to be rais'd a shilling every three months, as they would deserve by improving in their business; and the expectation of these high wages, to come on hereafter, was what he had drawn them in with. Meredith was to work at press, Potts at book-binding, which he, by agreement, was to teach them, though he knew neither one nor t'other. John, a wild Irishman, brought up to no business, whose service, for four years, Keimer had purchased from the captain of a ship; he, too, was to be made a pressman. George Webb, an Oxford scholar, whose time for four years he had likewise bought, intending him for a compositor, of whom more presently; and David Harry, a country boy, whom he had taken apprentice.

　　13I soon perceiv'd that the intention of engaging me at wages so much higher than he had been us'd to give, was, to have these raw, cheap hands form'd thro' me; and, as soon as I had instructed them, then they being all articled to him, he should be able to do without me. I went on, however, very cheerfully, put his printing-house in order, which had been in great confusion, and brought his hands by degrees to mind their business and to do it better.

　　14It was an odd thing to find an Oxford scholar in the situation of a bought servant. He was not more than eighteen years of age, and gave me this account of himself; that he was born in Gloucester, educated at a grammar-school there, had been distinguish'd among the scholars for some apparent superiority in performing his part, when they exhibited plays; belong'd to the Witty Club there, and had written some pieces in prose and verse, which were printed in the Gloucester newspapers; thence he was sent to Oxford; where he continued about a year, but not well satisfi'd, wishing of all things to see London, and become a player. At length, receiving his quarterly allowance of fifteen guineas, instead of discharging his debts he walk'd out of town, hid his gown in a furze bush, and footed it to London, where, having no friend to advise him, he fell into bad company, soon spent his guineas, found no means of being introduc'd among the players, grew necessitous, pawn'd his cloaths, and wanted bread. Walking the street very hungry, and not knowing what to do with himself, a crimp's bill was put into his hand, offering immediate entertainment and encouragement to such as would bind themselves to serve in America.

　　15He went directly, sign'd the indentures, was put into the ship, and came over, never writing a line to acquaint his friends what was become of him. He was lively, witty, good-natur'd, and a pleasant companion, but idle, thoughtless, and imprudent to the last degree.

　　16John, the Irishman, soon ran away; with the rest I began to live very agreeably, for they all respected me the more, as they found Keimer incapable of instructing them, and that from me they learned something daily. We never worked on Saturday, that being Keimer's Sabbath, so I had two days for reading. My acquaintance with ingenious people in the town increased. Keimer himself treated me with great civility and apparent regard, and nothing now made me uneasy but my debt to Vernon, which I was yet unable to pay, being hitherto but a poor economist. He, however, kindly made no demand of it.

　　17Our printing-house often wanted sorts, and there was no letter-founder in America; I had seen types cast at James's in London, but without much attention to the manner; however, I now contrived a mould, made use of the letters we had as puncheons, struck the matrices in lead, And thus supply'd in a pretty tolerable way all deficiencies. I also engrav'd several things on occasion; I made the ink; I was warehouseman, and everything, and, in short, quite a factotum.

　　18But, however serviceable I might be, I found that my services became every day of less importance, as the other hands improv'd in the business; and, when Keimer paid my second quarter's wages, he let me know that he felt them too heavy, and thought I should make an abatement. He grew by degrees less civil, put on more of the master, frequently found fault, was captious, and seem'd ready for an outbreaking. I went on, nevertheless, with a good deal of patience, thinking that his encumber'd circumstances were partly the cause. At length a trifle snapt our connections; for, a great noise happening near the court-house, I put my head out of the window to see what was the matter. Keimer, being in the street, look'd up and saw me, call'd out to me in a loud voice and angry tone to mind my business, adding some reproachful words, that nettled me the more for their publicity, all the neighbors who were looking out on the same occasion being witnesses how I was treated. He came up immediately into the printing-house, continu'd the quarrel, high words pass'd on both sides, he gave me the quarter's warning we had stipulated, expressing a wish that he had not been oblig'd to so long a warning. I told him his wish was unnecessary, for I would leave him that instant; and so, taking my hat, walk'd out of doors, desiring Meredith, whom I saw below, to take care of some things I left, and bring them to my lodgings.

　　19Meredith came accordingly in the evening, when we talked my affair over. He had conceiv'd a great regard for me, and was very unwilling that I should leave the house while he remain'd in it. He dissuaded me from returning to my native country, which I began to think of; he reminded me that Keimer was in debt for all he possess'd; that his creditors began to be uneasy; that he kept his shop miserably, sold often without profit for ready money, and often trusted without keeping accounts; that he must therefore fall, which would make a vacancy I might profit of. I objected my want of money. He then let me know that his father had a high opinion of me, and, from some discourse that had pass'd between them, he was sure would advance money to set us up, if I would enter into partnership with him. \"My time,\" says he, \"will be out with Keimer in the spring; by that time we may have our press and types in from London. I am sensible I am no workman. If you like it, your skill in the business shall be set against the stock I furnish, and we will share the profits equally.\"

　　20The proposal was agreeable, and I consented; his father was in town and approv'd of it; the more as he saw I had great influence with his son, had prevail'd on him to abstain long from dram-drinking, and he hop'd might break him off that wretched habit entirely, when we came to be so closely connected. I gave an inventory to the father, who carry'd it to a merchant; the things were sent for, the secret was to be kept till they should arrive, and in the mean time I was to get work, if I could, at the other printing-house. But I found no vacancy there, and so remain'd idle a few days, when Keimer, on a prospect of being employ'd to print some paper money in New Jersey, which would require cuts and various types that I only could supply, and apprehending Bradford might engage me and get the jobb from him, sent me a very civil message, that old friends should not part for a few words, the effect of sudden passion, and wishing me to return. Meredith persuaded me to comply, as it would give more opportunity for his improvement under my daily instructions; so I return'd, and we went on more smoothly than for some time before. The New Jersey jobb was obtain'd, I contriv'd a copperplate press for it, the first that had been seen in the country; I cut several ornaments and checks for the bills. We went together to Burlington, where I executed the whole to satisfaction; and he received so large a sum for the work as to be enabled thereby to keep his head much longer above water.

　　21At Burlington I made an acquaintance with many principal people of the province. Several of them had been appointed by the Assembly a committee to attend the press, and take care that no more bills were printed than the law directed. They were therefore, by turns, constantly with us, and generally he who attended, brought with him a friend or two for company. My mind having been much more improv'd by reading than Keimer's, I suppose it was for that reason my conversation seem'd to he more valu'd. They had me to their houses, introduced me to their friends, and show'd me much civility; while he, tho' the master, was a little neglected. In truth, he was an odd fish; ignorant of common life, fond of rudely opposing receiv'd opinions, slovenly to extream dirtiness, enthusiastic in some points of religion, and a little knavish withal.

　　22We continu'd there near three months; and by that time I could reckon among my acquired friends, Judge Allen, Samuel Bustill, the secretary of the Province, Isaac Pearson, Joseph Cooper, and several of the Smiths, members of Assembly, and Isaac Decow, the surveyor-general. The latter was a shrewd, sagacious old man, who told me that he began for himself, when young, by wheeling clay for the brick-makers, learned to write after be was of age, carri'd the chain for surveyors, who taught him surveying, and he had now by his industry, acquir'd a good estate; and says he, \"I foresee that you will soon work this man out of business, and make a fortune in it at Philadelphia.\" He had not then the least intimation of my intention to set up there or anywhere. These friends were afterwards of great use to me, as I occasionally was to some of them. They all continued their regard for me as long as they lived.

　　23Before I enter upon my public appearance in business, it may be well to let you know the then state of my mind with regard to my principles and morals, that you may see how far those influenc'd the future events of my life. My parents had early given me religious impressions, and brought me through my childhood piously in the Dissenting way. But I was scarce fifteen, when, after doubting by turns of several points, as I found them disputed in the different books I read, I began to doubt of Revelation itself. Some books against Deism fell into my hands; they were said to be the substance of sermons preached at Boyle's Lectures. It happened that they wrought an effect on me quite contrary to what was intended by them; for the arguments of the Deists, which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much stronger than the refutations; in short, I soon became a thorough Deist. My arguments perverted some others, particularly Collins and Ralph; but, each of them having afterwards wrong'd me greatly without the least compunction, and recollecting Keith's conduct towards me (who was another freethinker), and my own towards Vernon and Miss Read, which at times gave me great trouble, I began to suspect that this doctrine, tho' it might be true, was not very useful. My London pamphlet, which had for its motto these lines of Dryden:

　　Whatever is, is right.

　　Though purblind man

　　Sees but a part o' the chain, the nearest link,

　　His eyes not carrying to the equal beam,

　　That poises all above.

　　24And from the attributes of God, his infinite wisdom, goodness and power, concluded that nothing could possibly be wrong in the world, and that vice and virtue were empty distinctions, no such things existing, appear'd now not so clever a performance as I once thought it; and I doubted whether some error had not insinuated itself unperceiv'd into my argument, so as to infect all that follow'd, as is common in metaphysical reasonings.

　　25I grew convinc'd that truth, sincerity and integrity in dealings between man and man were of the utmost importance to the felicity of life; and I form'd written resolutions, which still remain in my journal book, to practice them ever while I lived. Revelation had indeed no weight with me, as such; but I entertain'd an opinion that, though certain actions might not be bad because they were forbidden by it, or good because it commanded them, yet probably these actions might be forbidden because they were bad for us, or commanded because they were beneficial to us, in their own natures, all the circumstances of things considered. And this persuasion, with the kind hand of Providence, or some guardian angel, or accidental favorable circumstances and situations, or all together, preserved me, thro' this dangerous time of youth, and the hazardous situations I was sometimes in among strangers, remote from the eye and advice of my father, without any willful gross immorality or injustice, that might have been expected from my want of religion. I say willful, because the instances I have mentioned had something of necessity in them, from my youth, inexperience, and the knavery of others. I had therefore a tolerable character to begin the world with; I valued it properly, and determin'd to preserve it.

　　26We had not been long return'd to Philadelphia before the new types arriv'd from London. We settled with Keimer, and left him by his consent before he heard of it. We found a house to hire near the market, and took it. To lessen the rent, which was then but twenty-four pounds a year, tho' I have since known it to let for seventy, we took in Thomas Godfrey, a glazier, and his family, who were to pay a considerable part of it to us, and we to board with them. We had scarce opened our letters and put our press in order, before George House, an acquaintance of mine, brought a countryman to us, whom he had met in the street inquiring for a printer. All our cash was now expended in the variety of particulars we had been obliged to procure, and this countryman's five shillings, being our first-fruits, and coming so seasonably, gave me more pleasure than any crown I have since earned; and the gratitude I felt toward House has made me often more ready than perhaps I should otherwise have been to assist young beginners.

　　27There are croakers in every country, always boding its ruin. Such a one then lived in Philadelphia; a person of note, an elderly man, with a wise look and a very grave manner of speaking; his name was Samuel Mickle. This gentleman, a stranger to me, stopt one day at my door, and asked me if I was the young man who had lately opened a new printing-house. Being answered in the affirmative, he said he was sorry for me, because it was an expensive undertaking, and the expense would be lost; for Philadelphia was a sinking place, the people already half-bankrupts, or near being so; all appearances to the contrary, such as new buildings and the rise of rents, being to his certain knowledge fallacious; for they were, in fact, among the things that would soon ruin us. And he gave me such a detail of misfortunes now existing, or that were soon to exist, that he left me half melancholy. Had I known him before I engaged in this business, probably I never should have done it. This man continued to live in this decaying place, and to declaim in the same strain, refusing for many years to buy a house there, because all was going to destruction; and at last I had the pleasure of seeing him give five times as much for one as he might have bought it for when he first began his croaking.

　　28I should have mentioned before, that, in the autumn of the preceding year, I had form'd most of my ingenious acquaintance into a club of mutual improvement, which we called the JUNTO; we met on Friday evenings. The rules that I drew up required that every member, in his turn, should produce one or more queries on any point of Morals, Politics, or Natural Philosophy, to be discuss'd by the company; and once in three months produce and read an essay of his own writing, on any subject he pleased. Our debates were to be under the direction of a president, and to be conducted in the sincere spirit of inquiry after truth, without fondness for dispute, or desire of victory; and, to prevent warmth, all expressions of positiveness in opinions, or direct contradiction, were after some time made contraband, and prohibited under small pecuniary penalties.

　　29The first members were Joseph Breintnal, a copyer of deeds for the scriveners, a good-natur'd, friendly, middle-ag'd man, a great lover of poetry, reading all he could meet with, and writing some that was tolerable; very ingenious in many little Nicknackeries, and of sensible conversation.

　　30Thomas Godfrey, a self-taught mathematician, great in his way, and afterward inventor of what is now called Hadley's Quadrant. But he knew little out of his way, and was not a pleasing companion; as, like most great mathematicians I have met with, he expected universal precision in everything said, or was for ever denying or distinguishing upon trifles, to the disturbance of all conversation. He soon left us.

　　31Nicholas Scull, a surveyor, afterwards surveyor-general, who lov'd books, and sometimes made a few verses.

　　32William Parsons, bred a shoemaker, but loving reading, had acquir'd a considerable share of mathematics, which he first studied with a view to astrology, that he afterwards laught at it. He also became surveyor-general.

　　33William Maugridge, a joiner, a most exquisite mechanic, and a solid, sensible man.

　　34Hugh Meredith, Stephen Potts, and George Webb I have characteriz'd before.

　　35Robert Grace, a young gentleman of some fortune, generous, lively, and witty; a lover of punning and of his friends.

　　36And William Coleman, then a merchant's clerk, about my age, who had the coolest, dearest head, the best heart, and the exactest morals of almost any man I ever met with. He became afterwards a merchant of great note, and one of our provincial judges. Our friendship continued without interruption to his death, upward of forty years; and the club continued almost as long, and was the best school of philosophy, morality, and politics that then existed in the province; for our queries, which were read the week preceding their discussion, put us upon reading with attention upon the several subjects, that we might speak more to the purpose; and here, too, we acquired better habits of conversation, every thing being studied in our rules which might prevent our disgusting each other. From hence the long continuance of the club, which I shall have frequent occasion to speak further of hereafter.

　　37But my giving this account of it here is to show something of the interest I had, every one of these exerting themselves in recommending business to us. Breintnal particularly procur'd us from the Quakers the printing forty sheets of their history, the rest being to be done by Keimer; and upon this we work'd exceedingly hard, for the price was low. It was a folio, pro patria size, in pica, with long primer notes. I compos'd of it a sheet a day, and Meredith worked it off at press; it was often eleven at night, and sometimes later, before I had finished my distribution for the next day's work, for the little jobs sent in by our other friends now and then put us back.

　　38But so determin'd I was to continue doing a sheet a day of the folio, that one night, when, having impos'd my forms, I thought my day's work over, one of them by accident was broken, and two pages reduced to pi, I immediately distributed and compos'd it over again before I went to bed; and this industry, visible to our neighbors, began to give us character and credit; particularly, I was told, that mention being made of the new printing-office at the merchants' Every-night club, the general opinion was that it must fail, there being already two printers in the place, Keimer and Bradford; but Dr. Baird (whom you and I saw many years after at his native place, St. Andrew's in Scotland) gave a contrary opinion: \"For the industry of that Franklin,\" says he, \"is superior to any thing I ever saw of the kind; I see him still at work when I go home from club, and he is at work again before his neighbors are out of bed.\" This struck the rest, and we soon after had offers from one of them to supply us with stationery; but as yet we did not chuse to engage in shop business.

　　39I mention this industry the more particularly and the more freely, tho' it seems to be talking in my own praise, that those of my posterity, who shall read it, may know the use of that virtue, when they see its effects in my favour throughout this relation.

　　40George Webb, who had found a female friend that lent him wherewith to purchase his time of Keimer, now came to offer himself as a journeyman to us. We could not then employ him; but I foolishly let him know as a secret that I soon intended to begin a newspaper, and might then have work for him. My hopes of success, as I told him, were founded on this, that the then only newspaper, printed by Bradford, was a paltry thing, wretchedly manag'd, no way entertaining, and yet was profitable to him; I therefore thought a good paper would scarcely fail of good encouragement. I requested Webb not to mention it; but he told it to Keimer, who immediately, to be beforehand with me, published proposals for printing one himself, on which Webb was to be employ'd. I resented this; and, to counteract them, as I could not yet begin our paper, I wrote several pieces of entertainment for Bradford's paper, under the title of the BUSY BODY, which Breintnal continu'd some months. By this means the attention of the publick was fixed on that paper, and Keimer's proposals, which we burlesqu'd and ridicul'd, were disregarded. He began his paper, however, and, after carrying it on three quarters of a year, with at most only ninety subscribers, he offered it to me for a trifle; and I, having been ready some time to go on with it, took it in hand directly; and it prov'd in a few years extremely profitable to me.

　　41I perceive that I am apt to speak in the singular number, though our partnership still continu'd; the reason may be that, in fact, the whole management of the business lay upon me. Meredith was no compositor, a poor pressman, and seldom sober. My friends lamented my connection with him, but I was to make the best of it.

　　42Our first papers made a quite different appearance from any before in the province; a better type, and better printed; but some spirited remarks of my writing, on the dispute then going on between Governor Burnet and the Massachusetts Assembly, struck the principal people, occasioned the paper and the manager of it to be much talk'd of, and in a few weeks brought them all to be our subscribers.

　　43Their example was follow'd by many, and our number went on growing continually. This was one of the first good effects of my having learnt a little to scribble; another was, that the leading men, seeing a newspaper now in the hands of one who could also handle a pen, thought it convenient to oblige and encourage me. Bradford still printed the votes, and laws, and other publick business. He had printed an address of the House to the governor, in a coarse, blundering manner, we reprinted it elegantly and correctly, and sent one to every member. They were sensible of the difference: it strengthened the hands of our friends in the House, and they voted us their printers for the year ensuing.

　　44Among my friends in the House I must not forget Mr. Hamilton, before mentioned, who was then returned from England, and had a seat in it. He interested himself for me strongly in that instance, as he did in many others afterward, continuing his patronage till his death.

　　45Mr. Vernon, about this time, put me in mind of the debt I ow'd him, but did not press me. I wrote him an ingenuous letter of acknowledgment, crav'd his forbearance a little longer, which he allow'd me, and as soon as I was able, I paid the principal with interest, and many thanks; so that erratum was in some degree corrected.

　　46But now another difficulty came upon me which I had never the least reason to expect. Mr. Meredith's father, who was to have paid for our printing-house, according to the expectations given me, was able to advance only one hundred pounds currency, which had been paid; and a hundred more was due to the merchant, who grew impatient, and su'd us all. We gave bail, but saw that, if the money could not be rais'd in time, the suit must soon come to a judgment and execution, and our hopeful prospects must, with us, be ruined, as the press and letters must be sold for payment, perhaps at half price.

　　47In this distress two true friends, whose kindness I have never forgotten, nor ever shall forget while I can remember any thing, came to me separately, unknown to each other, and, without any application from me, offering each of them to advance me all the money that should be necessary to enable me to take the whole business upon myself, if that should be practicable; but they did not like my continuing the partnership with Meredith, who, as they said, was often seen drunk in the streets, and playing at low games in alehouses, much to our discredit. These two friends were William Coleman and Robert Grace. I told them I could not propose a separation while any prospect remain'd of the Merediths' fulfilling their part of our agreement, because I thought myself under great obligations to them for what they had done, and would do if they could; but, if they finally fail'd in their performance, and our partnership must be dissolv'd, I should then think myself at liberty to accept the assistance of my friends.

　　48Thus the matter rested for some time, when I said to my partner, \"Perhaps your father is dissatisfied at the part you have undertaken in this affair of ours, and is unwilling to advance for you and me what he would for you alone. If that is the case, tell me, and I will resign the whole to you, and go about my business.\" \"No,\" said he, \"my father has really been disappointed, and is really unable; and I am unwilling to distress him farther. I see this is a business I am not fit for. I was bred a farmer, and it was a folly in me to come to town, and put myself, at thirty years of age, an apprentice to learn a new trade. Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap. I am inclin'd to go with them, and follow my old employment. You may find friends to assist you. If you will take the debts of the company upon you; return to my father the hundred pound he has advanced; pay my little personal debts, and give me thirty pounds and a new saddle, I will relinquish the partnership, and leave the whole in your hands.\" I agreed to this proposal: it was drawn up in writing, sign'd, and seal'd immediately. I gave him what he demanded, and he went soon after to Carolina, from whence he sent me next year two long letters, containing the best account that had been given of that country, the climate, the soil, husbandry, etc., for in those matters he was very judicious. I printed them in the papers, and they gave great satisfaction to the publick.

　　49As soon as he was gone, I recurr'd to my two friends; and because I would not give an unkind preference to either, I took half of what each had offered and I wanted of one, and half of the other; paid off the company's debts, and went on with the business in my own name, advertising that the partnership was dissolved. I think this was in or about the year 1729.

　　50About this time there was a cry among the people for more paper money, only fifteen thousand pounds being extant in the province, and that soon to be sunk. The wealthy inhabitants oppos'd any addition, being against all paper currency, from an apprehension that it would depreciate, as it had done in New England, to the prejudice of all creditors. We had discuss'd this point in our Junto, where I was on the side of an addition, being persuaded that the first small sum struck in 1723 had done much good by increasing the trade, employment, and number of inhabitants in the province, since I now saw all the old houses inhabited, and many new ones building; whereas I remembered well, that when I first walk'd about the streets of Philadelphia, eating my roll, I saw most of the houses in Walnut-street, between Second and Front streets, with bills on their doors, \"To be let\"; and many likewise in Chestnut-street and other streets, which made me then think the inhabitants of the city were deserting it one after another.

　　51Our debates possess'd me so fully of the subject, that I wrote and printed an anonymous pamphlet on it, entitled The Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency. It was well receiv'd by the common people in general; but the rich men dislik'd it, for it increas'd and strengthen'd the clamor for more money, and they happening to have no writers among them that were able to answer it, their opposition slacken'd, and the point was carried by a majority in the House. My friends there, who conceiv'd I had been of some service, thought fit to reward me by employing me in printing the money; a very profitable jobb and a great help to me. This was another advantage gain'd by my being able to write.

　　52The utility of this currency became by time and experience so evident as never afterwards to be much disputed; so that it grew soon to fifty-five thousand pounds, and in 1739 to eighty thousand pounds, since which it arose during war to upwards of three hundred and fifty thousand pounds, trade, building, and inhabitants all the while increasing, till I now think there are limits beyond which the quantity may be hurtful.

　　53I soon after obtain'd, thro' my friend Hamilton, the printing of the Newcastle paper money, another profitable jobb as I then thought it; small things appearing great to those in small circumstances; and these, to me, were really great advantages, as they were great encouragements. He procured for me, also, the printing of the laws and votes of that government, which continu'd in my hands as long as I follow'd the business.

　　54I now open'd a little stationer's shop. I had in it blanks of all sorts, the correctest that ever appear'd among us, being assisted in that by my friend Breintnal. I had also paper, parchment, chapmen's books, etc. One Whitemash, a compositor I had known in London, an excellent workman, now came to me, and work'd with me constantly and diligently; and I took an apprentice, the son of Aquila Rose.

　　55I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printing-house. In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in reality industrious and frugal, but to avoid all appearances to the contrary. I drest plainly; I was seen at no places of idle diversion. I never went out a fishing or shooting; a book, indeed, sometimes debauch'd me from my work, but that was seldom, snug, and gave no scandal; and, to show that I was not above my business, I sometimes brought home the paper I purchas'd at the stores thro' the streets on a wheelbarrow. Thus being esteem'd an industrious, thriving young man, and paying duly for what I bought, the merchants who imported stationery solicited my custom; others proposed supplying me with books, and I went on swimmingly. In the mean time, Keimer's credit and business declining daily, he was at last forc'd to sell his printing house to satisfy his creditors. He went to Barbadoes, and there lived some years in very poor circumstances.

　　56His apprentice, David Harry, whom I had instructed while I work'd with him, set up in his place at Philadelphia, having bought his materials. I was at first apprehensive of a powerful rival in Harry, as his friends were very able, and had a good deal of interest. I therefore propos'd a partner-ship to him which he, fortunately for me, rejected with scorn. He was very proud, dress'd like a gentleman, liv'd expensively, took much diversion and pleasure abroad, ran in debt, and neglected his business; upon which, all business left him; and, finding nothing to do, he followed Keimer to Barbadoes, taking the printing-house with him. There this apprentice employ'd his former master as a journeyman; they quarrel'd often; Harry went continually behindhand, and at length was forc'd to sell his types and return to his country work in Pensilvania. The person that bought them employ'd Keimer to use them, but in a few years he died.

　　57There remained now no competitor with me at Philadelphia but the old one, Bradford; who was rich and easy, did a little printing now and then by straggling hands, but was not very anxious about the business. However, as he kept the post-office, it was imagined he had better opportunities of obtaining news; his paper was thought a better distributer of advertisements than mine, and therefore had many, more, which was a profitable thing to him, and a disadvantage to me; for, tho' I did indeed receive and send papers by the post, yet the publick opinion was otherwise, for what I did send was by bribing the riders, who took them privately, Bradford being unkind enough to forbid it, which occasion'd some resentment on my part; and I thought so meanly of him for it, that, when I afterward came into his situation, I took care never to imitate it.